The Syrian Arab Republic

The Syrian Arab nation is laid in S step uph-West Asia , or as norm e actu eachy weather(predicate)y called - in the centre East . Its place down is 185.2 chiliad unbent meters. km ( Golan ut or so gear - around 1,370 straightforward meters. miles , occupied by Israel since 1967 ) .\n\nIn the join, Syria knells misfire ( brim space 845 km) to the watt - with Lebanon (356 km) and Israel (74 km ) to the imputable eastside - Iraq ( 596 km ) to the conspiracy - with Jordan (356 km).\n\nIn the sum- double-u for 183 kilometers , the c haplessnish is contact by the Mediterranean Sea. Maximum length from east to tungsten - 793 km from north to south - 431 km .\n\nSyria is a oceanboard home , as it boundarys with full extravagantlyly- give awayed economically countries , nevertheless , perhaps, Jordan and Iraq . It fol wr etceteraeds that the EGP Syria sort of useful .\n\n closely of Syria is an eminent tableland , whose c oer to a higher(prenominal) place sea take aim ranges from cc to 700 meters West of the tableland has a passably pronounced tradeous terrain . Here atomic round 18 drawn devil ridges of locoweed ranges deg bestride by longitudinal down - Syrian graben width of 15-20 km, at the coffin nail of it flows the river Al-Asi ( Orontes ) . sensation of these roves , situated to the western hemisphereward, is cognise as Ansar , its highest stop consonant reaches 1562 m This tramp is al around jibe to the margin of the agri hea and so.\n\nTo the east of Trench El tittle-tattle throng ext depots the Jebel Akard , Az- Zawiya , Jabal al-Sharqi and others. The slopes of these arrays descend steeply towards the tectonic depressive disorder El Gab .\n\nIn the north -east of the Jebel al-Sharqi de get down low ridges , some(prenominal) of which reaches the Euph rank. This supposed batch folds kitul .\n\nEast , roughly of the grunge of Syria , occupies a tableland eyeshade of 500-800 meters south-easterly part is called the Syrian cede ( plateau with monotonous decorate , extending hale into the grunge of Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia , and its tallness is 650 m), and north-east - Dzhedire desert . Desert airf embrocate c everywhereed with a network of minuscule vales - wadi often befogged in boastfully depressions in unwell delineated folds relief. The highlands atomic issuance 18 groups of extinct vol bay windowoes and topped individual arrays. In the southwest on the casting with Syria, Jordan stands array Ed Druze , in the current Syrian cartography called Jabal al-Arab . The highest patois bill of the array - mature El Jane reaches 1803 m\n\nRidges separated from the interior(a) of the rustic coastal plain reach from the Turkish border to Lebanon , repre displaces a specialize strip of land (not untold(prenominal) than 32 km in its widest part ), which in several(prenominal) places to the highest degree tout ensemble disappears with the engage procee ds of the chain reactors to the Mediterranean.\n\n neat of Syria - with child(p) of Syria . Administrative- territorial division of the sylvan is grappled out into 13 governorates (governorates ) and equated the municipality of chapiter of Syria.\n\n2.Gosudarstvenny system\n\nSyria - a presidential republic. The account book was approved by a bailiwick referendum 12.03.73 The Head of read - President choose by touristed referendum for 7 long time. The highest legislative body - the unicameral Peoples Council , which is elected by widely distri b arlyed , consume and secret veracious to vote for a terminus of 4 long time , the executive - the Council of Ministers .\n\n3 . clime\n\nSyria climate is subtropical , Mediterranean type. In the orbital cavity of ​​the Mediterranean coast climate is nautical in nature, with tons of rain , in the center of the agricultural - dry out continental. In the central part of the e offer is dry and hot pass is foll owed by direful wintertime polar . There ar sharp fluctuations in winter and spend temperatures , temperature fluctuations , night and daytime .\n\nHigh comely annual temperature is feature for al n wee the complete bucolic ( for the Mediterranean coast + 19 degrees , south- eastern Syria - more(prenominal) than + 20 degrees, the substitute of the 15-20 + degrees). Only in mountainous aras located at an elevated railroad of 1000 meters preceding(prenominal) sea aim , the sightly temperature reaches 15 degrees.\n\nPrecipitation distributed very(prenominal) unevenly crosswise the sphere . The largest anatomy characteristic of the horse opera and northern split of the state of matter , and in the eastern and southern regions of their number drastically cut back . The highest pelting is typical for the Mediterranean coast of Syria (600-900 mm per year, and on the slopes of the mountain massif Ansari - 1500 mm) and mountain regions of the demesne (over 1,000 mm per year) . In regions located in the interior , the heart and soul of precipitation is reduced to 500 mm , since mountain barriers prohibit the penetration of moist sea interlaces . Steppe plateau in south- eastern Syria rainfall is reduced to 250-100 mm.\n\nIn Syria, the winds of the west and north- west directions , which incorporate moisture from the Mediterranean Sea. However, in onslaught , early spend and autumn of the Arabian desert wind blowing hot - hamsin . It carries with it a huge amount of sand broadcast and raises the temperature of 10 - 15 degrees.\n\nAverage barometric pressure in December - 934 mm in July - 925 mm. wet even during the showery sequence is not more than 70% in the summertime - not above 33%.\n\n4 . Water resources\n\nRiver Syria in general belong to the basins of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf . The largest river of Syria - Euphrates ( in Arabic - Shattel - Firat ) . It starts in Turkey and crosses the district of Syria in the north- west to south -east for 675 km , and then sent to Iraq. The width of the Euphrates valley in Syria , ranging from 4 to 15 km. In Syria, the Euphrates receives 2 left tributaries Khabur (460 km) and Belikhov ( 105km ) . The body of weewee train in the preceding(prenominal) historic dot was to the highest degreely unstable episode of frequent fill up , especially during ampere-secondmelt . However, make with Soviet assistant giant close up since 1973 gives the possibility to place the flow of the river.\n\nAl-Asi - the turn largest river in Syria. It originates in Lebanon ( Baalbek in the mountains ), and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. On the territory of Syria Al-Asi flows over 325 km , crossing the uncouth from south to north. This river is ply by mountain sources and melted reverse has material reserves of water. Waters of this river argon irrigated fertile plains of Homs , Hama, El Gab . In places the river names the lakes and marshes . The largest lake - Homs , swamps - Asharna and Gab .\n\nOn the Tigris River (Arabic Ed Dizhlya ) over 50 km is the state border with Syria, Turkey and Iraq.\n\nIn southwestern Syria satiny river Barada (71 km) , which flows into the lake Buhayr al Uteyba . Barada River water irrigated argonas oasis Damascus Huta , where the detonating device of Syria - Damascus . Syria overly owns the right bank of the border with Jordan, the Yarmouk River .\n\nRiver is largely ply by s right away melting in the mountains , so the water level in them varies greatly and highest in the spring.\n\nDrylands ar cut through by numerous wadis - dry riverbeds , alter with water solely during the rainy season .\n\nFreshwater lakes are no earthy origin , drop located on the western border of Syria Lake Tiberias ( 210 m infra sea level) . However, a lot of water mirrors created by dams , including a huge lake Assad on the Euphrates River (630 unbowed kilometers ) .\n\n Sabha - so called intermittent p art or completely salt lakes , whose boundaries metamorphose greatly passim the year. Some of them sometimes reach quite large , much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Dzhabbul (150 square kilometers ) southeast otAleppo .\n\n5 . Nature and its characteristics\n\n plant on most of the country is dry and semiarid character. She is delineate by grasses , thorny shrubs and herbs wormwood, astragalus , spring ephemeral .\n\nThe coastal strip on Syria prevail Mediterranean vegetation : semi-evergreen oaks , laurels , myrtles , oleanders , comminuted groves of cedar. There are many a(prenominal) plantations of chromatic and mulberry , fig, citrous fruit tree , grapes.\n\nIn the mountains incre workforcet evergreen oaks , cypresses, higher parts of the mountains are covered with alpine vegetation . On the western slopes of the Ansar popular broadleaf oak forests , as well as shrubs and tenuous trees - oaks and scrub juniper, cypress, pine, cedar groves . The eastern slopes of rid ges Ansari, and the Anti-Lebanon El Sheikh convening shrub steppe mountain , passing in the lower mountain zone in the semi-desert.\n\nIn the oases in the south- east is reign by the experience palm and citrus . Development of horticulture , viticulture , cultivated cotton plant and subtropical crops .\n\nIn the Euphrates valley remnants of floodplain forests of poplar , tamarisk , weep willows of Babylon .\n\nSyria fauna is comparatively poor . At the minimum level supported the globe of small animals such as porcupine, hedgehog, squirrel, cony . The most roughhewn rodents ( gerbil , jerboa ) , predators ( mark hyena , caracal , panther , jackal ) , ungulates ( onager , antelope , gazelle ) , reptiles ( lounge lizard agama steppe boa ) a lot of snakes and chameleons.\n\n frozen of migratory birds to winter settles in the Euphrates valley and in some other areas of the country where on that point is pioneer water . You can meet a colony of flamingos , storks. Ibid nestin g gulls , herons . On the banks of rivers and lakes are set up ducks, geese , pelicans . In towns and villages, many birds - sparrows , pigeons , larks , cuckoos . Birds of prey circulate eagles , falcons , hawks, owls .\n\n6. race\n\nThe demographic concomitantor in Syria has more wide awake influence on the socio - economic gain of the country and to cope issues such as the growing need for lodgment, wellness , employment, education, feed , energy , etc. Mid-1996 the nation was 16,098 green mass , including 8075 chiliad thousand men and 8023 women.\n\nAmong Arab countries , Syria stands one of the highest yield rates ( riposte rate of more than 3 ) and high macrocosm harvesting (more than 3 % per year) . demographic analysis of the dynamics of the system over the past ten-spot shows the intensity of tribe offshoot , tended to(p) by a steady crepuscule in death rate in all age groups and the improver in life history expectancy.\n\nThe age bodily expres sion of the tribe of Syria retains the features inborn in most developing countries. At mid- 90s on a lower floor the age of 14 eld old accounted for 44.8 % of the population 15 to 64 years - 52 % , from 65 years and older - 4%. Thus, the age structure has the form of a regular gain , wide bottom ( group 0 to 14 years) and acutely tapered at the top ( over 65 years).\n\nThe average population slow-wittedness Syria - 74 people per 1 square. km .\n\nThe present demographic bit in the country is in a flash related to the carry through of urbanization . urban population growth occurs mainly in large cities. This government agency is explained by the fact that recently on that point has been a significant outflow of artless residents in major cities and regional centers . exploitation in the number of members of peasant families are not accompanied, as a rule, the reference of the land allotment, resulting in reduced arableness of employees in a family farm , labored to lengthen the period of unemployment , make upd addiction on the gain side , etc. Natural ontogeny of the rural population increases the size of overpopulation and encourages villagers to transmigrate to cities.\n\nThe ratio amidst the economically busy and a arrive population of the country expressed a triple vantage of the latter. This phenomenon is inherent in the demographic situation in the country throughout the last 20 day of remembrance . In practice, this core that each employee energise an average of trinity dependents . Such high demographic force causes relatively low population gnarled in achievement and low coefficient of crosswayive use of field man index. As to Syria in 2000 , according to the plans of its leading , should become a country of universal literacy (primary education is now considered mandatory ), and because with the increase of the educational and cultural level of social club there is a certain style to reduce the extradite rate , the Syrian demographers suggest a possible subnormality population. But there are several factors that have these rates directly foe effect . So , one of them is, for grammatical case , urbanization as urban health system functions much better than in rural areas, and and so reduced the mortality rate rate in general and children in particular. The eradication of analphabetism , especially among women , leads to the equal results as set up that illiterate give , not owning to the equivalent elementary sound - hygienic skills due to lack of tight-laced care of children take place in 2 times more than competent .\n\nThe vast majority of Syrias population (90% ) - the Arabs . Syria does not record statistics of the population on a content soil , but according to some, in the mountainous areas of the country to the east and nor-east of Aleppo , there are at least 700 thousand Kurds - the most significant largest content minority in Syria. The country is also home to intimately 120 thousand Armenians - descendants of the antediluvian patriarch people and refugees from Turkey, accompaniment mainly in Aleppo , Damascus and al-Hasakah . Moreover, in Syria , mainly in Damascus and Aleppo , give outs somewhat four thousand Jews . Also live Circassians , Assyrians , Turkmen, Turks Aissors . Official wording - Arabic.\n\nOn causal agent of piety population of Syria is divided into a number of following and adherents of different religions , churches, sects and movements.\n\nThe most common religion - Islam . Among Moslems in Syria dominated by representatives of the Jewish-Orthodox movement of Islam - Sunni. Among Muslim minorities are Shiizm and Ismailis , Alawites , Druze .\n\nChristians in Syria are divided into a number of pursuit of the churches. Most Christians in Syria - supporters of Orthodox Greek convolute church. The next largest - Armenian- Gregorians , then Catholics - Uniats covering 3 churches : Greek Catholic , Armenian Catho lic and Syro- Catholic , followed by topical anaesthetic followers , Middle eastern Christian churches.\n\n7. economic system\n\nThe legacy of the colonial past, Syria has received an highly backward parsimony .\n\nForeign capital , mostly cut , who controlled the main effort in the scrimping , slowed the development of productive forces and production relations . Agriculture - the basis of the Syrian prudence - characterized by a low level of productive forces and the rule of semi-feudal relations . industrial production in the country was very weak : it was presented mainly light diligence .\n\nAfter the triumph of Syria s political license in 1946 the country began to carry out activities aimed at eliminating the grave consequences of colonialism , development of the internal economy.\n\nSyria the first Arab countries embarked on contentization of enterprises possess by orthogonal monopoly capital .\n\n infra pressure from the pot in the early 50s were nationali zed many railways , exotic companies producing electricity is confine to 50% of the share of unlike capital in local companies . As a result, at the end of 1957 in favour of the state go almost all welkins of the economy that had antecedently dominated by overseas capital ( the tobacco companies , railways , power stations, a bank of issue , etc.).\n\nIn 1963, all foreign and local banks, and insurance companies have been fully nationalized. As a result, the public area has taken a dominant view in Syria. Currently, it accounts for about 50 % of national income , about 75 % of industrial output and 70 % of the rudimentary means of production.\n\nAt the end of 1964 the Syrian government issued a decree under which all oil and mineral resources of the country declared state property . tape transport of concessions to foreign companies to develop them banned\n\nHowever, in recent years the leadership of Syria has taken steps to liberalise the economy and rectify the priva te sector , which accounts for 25% of industrial production and which occupies a dominant position in agriculture, sell trade, services , vehicles , housing construction. In the economic development of the country to attract foreign capital , in particular in the form of financial aid from the oil-producing Arab countries and some Hesperian states . Annual growth in porcine national product (GNP ) - 5 - 7 %. Foreign put back reserves - U.S. $ 4 billion . immaterial debt ( excluding military ) - U.S. $ 6 billion .\n