The role of e commerce in the era of globalization

The role of e commerce in the succession of globalizationE commerce is the electronic commerce where business line jump-starts with electronic tout ensembley. For using the e commerce dealings must be happen via electronic carcass. For example some superstar wants to sell his product then he necessitate to get the order of that product and also needs to get remuneration so that he fecal matter send the product. In this case the emptor coffin nail buy that product through the electronic payment system. yet there is some problem for this case such as credentials issue. If the third surgical incisiony involve on the e payment system then it leave be harmful for both buyer and sellers. So the security of e payment system should be strong to protect from third party. Here third party is lucre expert hacker. tug objective To secure and monitor of the e payment will be increase in the business sector day by day. more than one browser needs to be user friendly. Maintain a good guest service.Different section Blaise j.(2004)said that Though the profits has change magnitude the speed and number of victims a thespianster can reach in one attempt, the guessual types and techniques of the Internet scams follow the same patterns as scams previously conducted by mail or telephone. As with pre-cyber scams, the number of scams and the subsequent variations restrain it unimaginable to mention them all. The primary intent of the fraudster is to befriend the victim, gain their trust, and then harbor silver or enough personal breeding to access fiscal accounts. Becoming awargon of and informed about some of the different types of Internet scams should retrace consumers more witful of their on- line actions and legal proceeding.According to the Adi m alwaked.(2008).some questions arisen like Do the electronic payments securely exist in the vocation to Business deeds in spite of appearance the country? What are the governmental security criteria fo r the e-business transactions? And do I as a work owner and a government have professionals and graduates who can manage e-business departments and projects using the newfangled e-business methodologies as knowledge management and expert systems? And if the e-business pillars are non yet complete or initiated, to what level should the users deal with e-business? Do we have any alternatives? legion(predicate) of these critical enquiries should be answered when reviewing e-government and e-readiness situations. Failing to answer and solve this ambiguity can result in two unwanted situations the work owners will not ad favour e-business, or the e-business will be initiated based on obscure visions that will not achieve the expected propositions and consequently will analyze. every the e-business revenues are part of the whole business revenues and they will be part of the final financial statements of the enterprises, and if the governments decided to give these taxation support s to motivate e-business at heart the different enterprises, it is recommended that good policies and frameworks applied against frauds that take ad vanguardtage of the financial facilitations, for interpreter the fake online contracts and payments in order to delude the authorities and to create an impression that the e-business in a particular company was the main reason for the revenues, and therefore there should be some efficient procedures against these kinds of frauds.The e-business field has become the primary target for the e-hackers today, many kinds of frauds in credit cards, stealing identities, and different kinds of frauds are evolving every day, but actually the solution is not always within the responsibility of the governments, but can the governments support the e-business adopters here? Traditionally, this is found in e-business pillars and e-readiness, as the secure e-payment methods in e-billing, and the good regulations to fight the net crimes, and the e-bu siness knowingness programmes as mentioned. But as a part of a new strategic e-business insurance that keeps and increase the advantages of the e-service and limits the weaknesses, calls for defined e-security criteria in the DNs mightiness be a solution, such criteria that specifies strict standards for e-commerce web turn ups, including all the security aspects, as authentications, IP viewers for more identifications of clients, a strong insist on the ecommerce website owners to take on the security awareness issues in the main pages of their websites and to keep reminding their users about them, all these procedures can increase the customers confident about security and solve the ambiguity of these issues.National payment systems are the backbone of a financial sector. step protocols for check and electronic payments will facilitate the adoption of electronic payments by banks, retailers, government agencies, and otherwises in the payments chain. Access to electronic payment s settlement can be contentious, as banks typically control or influence payment systems and may resist opening access to other financial service providers and retailers (Isern, Deshpande van Doorn, 2005).Avshalom Aderet et al(2007).said security and privacy assesses the degree of customer exposure to the risks involved in the e-shopping process and the likelihood of a product or service not meeting consumer expectations (Dillon and Reif, 2006). The variables discussed in this factor are the means used to manipulate data security, the privacy of personal randomness, and the security guarantee that pertains to each transaction (Chung-Hoon and Young-Gul, 2003). We group privacy and security together following Flavin and Guinalu (2006) who, having reviewed the privacy and security literature, suggest that, although these concepts are often re searched as order variables, there is a close relationship between them in the mind of the consumer and they should therefore be considered as a single variable. Furthermore, in practice, e-vendors die hard to handle the protection of privacy and security together. Finally, in public policy these concepts run side by side.Globalization has brought in many changes in the business scenario with the whole world inching towards one big market place. conversation between the buyers and sellers hasbecome critical as each can opt to explore a greater number of alternatives than ever before.E-commerce through Internet, e-mails, websites, and other facilities, enables a businessman to be linked with every corner of the world, and indeed opens up greater opportunities in the world market.Important factor is the term required for completing a business transaction. As markets are bonnie competitive and information is more readily available, a quick, reliable and replicable transaction implies availing of prevailing opportunities. On the contrary, delays in processing a transaction might become synonymous to wasting an opportun ity.Therefore, a fast and alternative utensil of communication, contract, and payment is an Integral part of a globally competitive business organization.Wasting the customers time Time is the most important commodity in online shopping. You want your customers to be able to find what they want and buy it as quickly as possible. Dynamic pages with changing content may run across interesting, but they also make pages take longer to load. When customers have to custody for pages to load, they often give up and go to a faster-moving site. Additionally, some e-commerce sites make the mistake of wasting a customers time during the checkout process by requiring registration or asking for unnecessary info. Once a customer decides to buy from your site you should make the checkout processes as fast as possible with as few clicks as possible. Otherwise, the customer may fail to complete the sale out of frustration.Lack of compatibility with more than one browser While 80% of the market uses Microsoft Internet Explorer, failing to design your e-commerce site to work with other browsers is passing up a huge opportunity. You now knock out at least 20% of your potential customer pool, maybe more. Making your website work with a variety of browsers usually moreover requires a few minor tweaks, but it can make a big difference in the amount of traffic you receive.Poor boilers suit web design -When a website is not well organized or looks unprofessional, many customers will immediately look elsewhere. Online shoppers have high standards these years when it comes to how your e-commerce site looks and functions. Your products should be unclouded to find and displayed nicely. Customers should be able to search for what they want and find it. Likewise shopping cart use should be a streamlined process. Any hitches in the buying process from start to finish will cost you customers. Poor customer service -All e-commerce sites should make it easy to get questions about produ cts and purchases answered. Too many sites make determination contact information and accessing company policies challenging for the customer. If customers cant find the information they need to feel comfortable about a sale, they will credibly abandon the sale. Make sure all of your merchant policies and contact information are prominently displayed on multiple pages of your website.Conclusion Internet fraud can evidently be defined as an electronic trick and theft. However, as technology advances, the tactics and skills used by fraudsters to commit these crimes will also advance. In 2002, over $14.6 one thousand million in losses were account in the U.S. alone, due to Internet fraud while it is expected, several million more went unreported. Local, state and federal agencies are actively tracking, investigating, and prosecuting fraud offenders. However, with the unconditioned capabilities of the Internet, its often difficult to determine if the con artist is in the bordering apartment, next state, or in a completely different country. These cyber swindles and dot-cons express new challenges to governments. TheInternet enables criminals to cloak themselves in anonymity, making it imperative that governments act more quickly to stop newly emerging schemes before the perpetrators can disappear in the World Wide Web. Online consumers need to execute added charge when surfing, reading e-mail, making purchases, and considering online opportunities. The great thing about the Internet is it is easy to find other information, and consumers should do crosscheck before they become a victim. sure online retailers and credit card companies will also have to make proceed efforts to reassure consumers that their Internet activities will be secure.The global nature of the Internet, and constabulary enforcement experience in conducting Internet fraud investigations, have made it more and more clear that law enforcement authorities need to coordinate their efforts to have a substantial effect on all forms of Internet fraud.Reference Blaise J(2004), internet fraud a global perspective,vol4,pp1-9.Anguelov, C., Hilgert, M. Hogarth, J. (2004). US consumers and electronic banking, 1995-2003. federal keep Bulletin, Winter 2004. Retrieved December 10, 2005 from http//www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/2004/winter04_ca.pdf BIS. (2004). Survey of developments in electronic money and internet and mobile payments. military commission on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS). Basle depone for International Settlements. BIS. (2003). Risk management principles for electronic banking. Electronic Banking Group of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Basel Bank for International Settlements. Bzard, G. (2005). Low-value payments Looking for the code cracker. capital of Massachusetts Aite Group, LLC. Journal of E-Business Volume VII, No 2 (2007) 45 the United States, Federal Reserve Bulletin, Spring, 180-201. Isern, J. (2007). Launching electroni c banking in developing countries What can be learned from experience in developed countries? E-Business Review, 7. Isern, J., Deshpande, R. van Doorn, J. (2005). Crafting a money transfers strategy Guidance for pro-poor financial service providers. CGAP Occasional Paper 10. capital letter The World Bank. Lafferty Group. (2005c, November 14). US consumers and corporates reduce cheque usage. Electronic Payments International Newsletter. capital of the United Kingdom Author. NetBank, Inc. (2004). Annual report. Retrieved December 29, 2005 from http//www.netbankinc.com/ir_reports.htm Pennathur, A. (2001). Clicks and bricks E-risk management for banks in the age of the internet. Journal of Banking and finance (25), 2103-2123. Rombel, A. (2005). The worlds best internet banks 2005. Global Finance 19(8), 31-36. Adi m alwaked.(2008). encouraging e-business investments in the developing nations and the ambiguous road a proposed vision.vol8, pp12-18,Avshalom Aderet et al(2007). taking cust omer perceptions of the respectable commitments of e-vendors seriously,vol6 pp12-15

Reflective Assessment of Education Research

Reflective judicial decision of Education ResearchI am visual by my skill style. And I captured some wonderful memory in my development dousing exposer programme with the helper of entire faculty of DMI, Patna and whose shown faith on me and firm team member of AKRSP(I), Khandwa. Faculties of DMI given me a spectacle to look through it into the settlement and AKRSP(I) given me filter for that spectacle to extract precise in setion which may pertinent for our acquire.I enjoyed working with AKRSP(I) and our stay in the village, which was an incredible experience of my lifetime and created a solid base for my future noticeing. In this experiential encyclopedism, we learn that field learning is real different from classroom learning.First, think I intimate is that how to handle the question comes from the villager, because your answer can create rely in their mind and in the field you cant make both statement which you cant fulfil and create any type of hope. I learned tha t how to simplify our question to extract information from the villager because they think dewy-eyed and they argon for a bureau from bookish fellowship. Second, think I learned that how to the right way utilise the body of water for your daily activities. Because we only get 60 litres of water for all our daily activity and I learned how to manage.Third, think learned that how to harvest the useful data and arrange in the proper format for proper utilisation. Because you pay off to make all calculation, if you contended any calculation related question then you will get garbage, because they will through anything in their answer, so you have to be very precise in your question. If you wish to find expenditure of the household for a year, then you have to ask their daily expenditure then weekly expenditure and any infrequent expenditure then you have to calculate and project that outcomes to yearly level.The fourth thing I learned about the small cultural and ritual event, that how they attached with their emotion which prevents them from permanent migration. We have attended a mediocre in Golkheda. That was a huge fair around the temple of Moti Mata. after(prenominal) interacting with them we found that people from all around 30 km of the r with their own mean of transport like motorcycle, bullock, and tractor.The fifth thing I learned that how to engage the villager in your activity and talk to make a repo for extracting valu adequate information, I also learned to break gathering courteously for moving on to other important work or topic. And I also learned how to express gratitude to them from we learned something or who helped me in learning something before leaving from that place.And last but not the least I understand the real obstacle and roadblocks for the development, whatre the things really obstructing the development of the people, and here we give ear that poverty doesnt mean that lack of notes, peoples ar poor from knowledge, edu cation, behaviour, unity, etc. decision maker summaryThis propound is based on the one-month full-time residential study of the village Ghamanpura, Ghagharla, Dalmahu during our 6-week first module of the experiential learning segment, that called Development Immersion.In this report, we tried to highlight the socio-economic comparison between these three villages, which are non-intervened, economically backwards containing a majority of tribal residential district Korku, which was known as a tribal hunter-gathering community and permanent resident in the figure out of the forest under Satpura mountain range. These tribal people are very laborious, but due to lack of proper intervention, they are not able to make rhythm with the outer world.In these villages, which comes under Aw Agro-climatic zone, we found that lands are rocky, but fertile for cash crops like cotton, banana, sugarcane. still these cash crops infallible lots of Agri-input varying from seeds to drip irrigatio n, which required lots of money. So, in the scarcity, they are waiting for priming to slit a new journey.In this region, the patriarchal source of reinforcement is agriculture, but they are forced to shift auxiliary source wage labour in the scarcity of proper resources of money and irrigation. These tribal have potential, but in the scarcity of resources their potential is utilized by few rich farmers and they have deprived of their right entitlement.These tribal is the owner of the land as wealthy, but they are poor, not full in the sense of money but also in education, knowledge and technics. These are simple and honest people and happy in their life. But they need attention to pull them and join them with the mainstream of development.The government had intervened in these villages with the help of Anganwadi and Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan, to fight with the darkness of illiteracy and malnutritions, but its not adequate and they required to stand up on their feet and required supp ort for making their livelihood sustainable.They want to develop and earn pride, thats why they oneself are illiterate, but displace their children to school and allow them to educate as much they want., but chop-chop increasing inflation forced their child to leave the school and start earning for their livelihood.In this region women are still extremely backwards in their social status and locked in their houses after earning a livelihood for their family too, women have no role in any type of decision-making regarding their family, society, or village.This report also contains the SWOT analysis of these villages and a proposal for revamping this tribal community in a socio-economical way. A 3-E exercise in Annexure gives us they the way through which we can intervene in these villages.

Immunosorbent Assay in a Synacthen Test

Immunosorbent Assay in a Synac and therefore(prenominal) Test openingIn this practical, an immunosorbent undertake was performed to turn back the outcome of a Synac consequently visitation. This test is employ to assess adrenal gland gland functions. It is routinely subroutine to diagnose adrenal insufficiency and other related conditions. It works by giving a patient a panelling of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone ( adrenocorticotropic hormone) (Synacthen) in the morning later taking a baseline blood blood serum judge. The Synacthen forget median(prenominal)ly stimulate the adrenal glands to produce hydrocortisone. Further serum standard atomic number 18 taken post dose (after 30 and 60 legal proceeding) to determine if there is an expected increase in hydrocortisone levels. If there is no response from the adrenal glands (low levels of hydrocortisone), the patient is then diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency (Ref).The levels of hydrocortisone argon strea kd by using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This order calls specific monoclonal antibodies that target hydrocortisone. These antibodies are coated to the ordered series, once the specimen is in contact with the antibodies, the cortisol present in the precedent give stick around to the specific coated antibodies to form an antibody-antigen complex (Ab-Ag complex). This complex is then re throw outt to a unessential detection antibody which is coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This alternate antibody creates a bl distributivelyed bespeak in the battlefront of TMB substrate imputable to the HRP. The reaction is then stopped with a stop solution and the coloured signal squeeze out then be detected by a spectrophotometer. The intensity of the signal is correlated to the concentration of Ab-Ag complexes.Materials96 well platePipette and tipsPrimary antibody diligent serum archetype x6 (2 samples per patient)Secondary antibody swosh bufferTMB substrate Hydrochloric acid HCl (stop solution)Plate readerMethodFirstly, a first washing shade was performed on the pre-coated plate. This was done by adding ccl of wash buffer to distributively well of the provided pre-coated plate. The plate was then emptied and the gently tapped on a cloth until all the buffer was pull backd. This was performed 3 times in a row.Then, 100l of the samples were added to a cleave well in duplicate and the plate was go away to incubate at room temperature for 30 proceedings.After the incubation at room temperature, a second washing step was performed.100l of the unessential antibody was then added to each well and the plate was left to incubate for 60 proceeding at room temperature.After incubation, a third washing step was performed.100l of TMB substrate was added to each well and the reaction was left to develop for 15 minutes.Finally, 100l of stop solution (HCl) was added to each well to stop the reaction and the plate was read at 450nm on the plate reader.ResultsThe contributes below were provided to interpret the cortisol levels of the 3 patientsTable 1. Provided resultsStandardsCortisol nMAbsorbance00.046500.0602000.1325000.2007500.33910000.482Samples and internal part controlsSampleAbsorbanceIQC10.052IQC20.161IQC30.241 uncomplaining 1 Sample 10.081Patient 1 Sample 20.263Patient 2 Sample 10.069Patient 2 sample 20.138Patient 3 sample 10.050Patient 3 sample 20.049By using the results provided from the standards, a standard trim d let rout out be plotted.Figure 1. Standard curve of the absorbance over the concentrationThen, by extrapolating the known absorbance from the QCs and samples, corresponding concentrations can be determined as shown below.Table 3. Quality control resultsQC (45 nmol/L)QC (315 nmol/L)QC (520 nmol/L)absorbance0.0520.1610.241concentration48.47302.75489.37 incline %7.717850443.8894425.889947428The accuracy of the controls is calculated as absolute bias (% RE, where relative fracture RE = measured value actual value/ actual value). The bias is within the 20% lam for every quality control meaning that the assay is accurate and that the results generated from the assay are validated (De silva EMEA).Finally, by extrapolating the provided absorbance of the samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined.Table 4. Sample resultssample 1 (t=1)sample 1 (t=2)sample 2 (t=1)sample 2 (t=2)sample 3 (t=1)sample 3 (t=2)Absorbance0.0810.2630.0690.1380.050.049Concentration (nmol/L)116.12540.6988.13249.0943.8141.47DiscussionAs described earlier, assays metre cortisol levels in the blood are used to interpret Synacthen tests. In this case, 3 patients had undergone a synacthen test, a baseline serum sample and a second serum sample taken after 30 minutes post synacthen dose were taken. The samples were analysed and the cortisol levels were determined for each sample. Using the results obtained from the cortisol assay, a clinical interpretation can be done.According t o guidelines, adrenal insufficiency is ruled out if the elementary cortisol level is greater than 180 nmol/L, if the increase of cortisol levels 30 minutes post dose is greater than 200nmol/L or if the maximum serum cortisol level is greater than 500-600nmol/L (reference ranges vary depending on the laboratory) (https//www.nbt.nhs.uk/sites/ omission/files/Short%20Synacthen%20Test.pdf)( http//www.pathology.leedsth.nhs.uk/dnn_bilm/Investigationprotocols/Synacthentestsshortlong/StandardShortSynacthenTest.aspx)( http//www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cortisol-146682) (https//cks.nice.org.uk/addisons-diseasediagnosisadditional).Patient 1 is a 65 year octogenarian male which performed a synacthen test after a surgery to remove a pituitary tumour to assess the adrenal functions. The baseline cortisol levels at time 0 minutes was 116.2nmol/L and the cortisol levels after 30 minutes post dose was 540.69nmol/L. Following the guidelines, this patient does not suffer from adrenal insufficiency eve n though his basal cortisol levels are lower than 180nmol/L. This low basal level can be explained because part of the pituitary was removed due to a tumour, meaning that the ACTH signal from the pituitary gland to the adrenal cortex leave behind be diminished, therefore the basal cortisol level is decreased. But since the cortisol levels at 30 minutes have increased by more than 200nmol/L and are to a higher place 500nmol/L, it can be determined that the Synacthen response is normal.Patient 2 is an asthmatic 15 year old female that performed a synacthen test following a long term steroid treatment. Her basal cortisol level measured was 88.13nmol/L followed by a 30 minute cortisol level of 249nmol/L. Following the guidelines, it can be utter that this patient suffers from adrenal insufficiency. This diagnostic is given since the increase in cortisol levels after 30 minutes post synacthen dose is below 200nmol/L, furthermore, the cortisol levels at 30 minutes is greatly below 500 nmol/L.The 3rd and last(a) patient is a 38 year old male, admitted to AE after collapsing. His cortisol levels at the time were described as low. Following the synacthen test, the results showed that the basal cortisol level was 43.81nmol/L and the cortisol level after 30 minutes was 41.27nmol/L. According to the guidelines, this patient is suffering from adrenal insufficiency. This diagnosis is determined since the basal cortisol level is below 180nmol/L plus there is no increase in cortisol levels 30 minutes post dose (there is a decrease even), therefore remaining below normal cortisol levels.This practical used a prepare ELISA method, a sandwich ELISA uses a primary antibody (capture antibody) coated on a plate, this antibody binds to the antigen present in the sample,in this case the antigen is cortisol. The antigen is then bound to a secondary antibody (detection antibody). In other words, the antigen is sandwiched between the antibodies (see figure 2 step 3). This can only be done if the antigen has at least two antigenic epitopes that can bind to the antibodies. This method has different advantages compared to other ELISA techniques such(prenominal) as the locate method. For example, the sandwich method does not require for the sample to be purified before analysis, also, this technique offers a high sensitivity compared to the direct ELISA technique.Figure 2. Sandwich ELISA schematic (http//www.elisa-antibody.com/ELISA-Introduction/ELISA-types/sandwich-elisa)As shown above the antibody in step 1 is the capture antibody which is coated to the plate previous to the addition of the sample. Step 2 shows the antigen present in the sample fertilisation to the specific capture antibody before being bound to the detection antibody in step 3. Step 4 and 5 show the addition of the secondary antibody which binds to the detection antibody to then create a coloured signal when in presence of the correct substrate. This signal is then measured spectrophotometr ically.Another wide used ELISA method is the competitive method. This method is various to the sandwich ELISA since the detection of the antigen or antibody is done in a different approach. The main advantage of using a competitive ELISA is that an antigen can be detected even though the sample is crude or impure.Figure 3. competitive ELISA schematic (http//www.elisa-antibody.com/index.php?page=competitive-elisa)It works on the principle that the more antigen/antibody present in the sample, the less coloured signal will be produced. The antigen or antibody bound to the plate will bind to the specific antibody or antigen present in the sample. A detection antibody is then added, this detection antibody will only bind to the antigen or antibody that was originally bound to the plate, and cannot bind to the antigen/antibody from the sample (it is specific to the plate-bound antigen/antibody). Therefore, the added antibody/antigen and the antigen/antibody present in the sample are in c ompetition for the plate-coated antigen or antibody. Only the detection antibody added after the sample will produce a coloured signal in presence of the correct substrate. This creates a change in intensity of the coloured result depending on the amount of antigen/antibody in the sample. The amount of antigen/antibody in the sample will decrease the intensity of the signal.This practical used wells coated with monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single type of B cell. These identical B cells produce antibodies that present only one eccentric epitope. These cells are isolated and grown to multiply the fruit of these single epitope antibodies. The characteristics of these monoclonal antibodies offer a very high specificity since there is only a single epitope, minimizing cross reactivity with different epitope presenting antibodies. These antibodies are preferred in assays which require quantification due to the high specificity.Ano ther type of antibody that can be used in immunoassays are polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies, unlike monoclonal antibodies, originate from various types of B cells. They can recognize more than one epitope of an antigen or antibody. Technically, mortal polyclonal antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, they therefore have the same characteristics as mentioned earlier. They can bind to specific epitopes on an antigen/antibody. But since there are numerous different types of monoclonal antibodies present (polyclonal), the antigen can be detected by binding the antibodies to different epitopes present on the antigen. Polyclonal antibodies have various advantages, for example, production is less expensive and quicker than producing monoclonal antibodies since the specificity is not as important. The use of polyclonal antibodies is preferred in assays that require less specificity, more robustness, stability, sensitivity for spy small amounts of antigen and time constrained protoc ols.Conclusion Immunosorbent assays are widely-used in clinical laboratories to detect compounds in samples. They are highly sensitive, specific and reproducible which makes them a great tool in a clinical laboratory. There are different types of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), each with its own way of detecting the antigen/antibody. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies varies depending on the antigen/antibody needing to be detected and they both come with their own advantages and disadvantages. One of these ELISA methods can be used to detect and measure cortisol levels in serum samples. By performing a synacthen test, a set of serum samples from a patient can be worn-out before and after administering a dose of synthetic ACTH. By measuring cortisol levels in these samples, an assessment of adrenal functions can be made. This test helps diagnose adrenal insufficiencies and disorders related to it.

Media Literacy after The Simpsons

Media Literacy after The Simpsons mark Simpson Explains our post currentist Identity crisis,Whether we Prize it or not Media Literacy after The SimpsonsABSTRACTThis oblige suggests that The Simpsons is a sophisticated media subject most media that forces educators who t all(prenominal) media literacy into an encounter with postmodern judgment. The sense of postmodern judgment for media discipline is seekd done a steering on ii now themes in The Simpsons the changing judgment of private individuation and the consequences of a deplorablely ironic worldview. Icons of popular finishing house be employ to teach about philosophical constructs. From its inception The Simpsons has represent a significant ch all toldenge to educators.The programme, which ridiculed all forms of influence and turned bar unrivalledt Simpson into a wildly habitual anti- virtuoso, initially provoked an intense reply from the education citizens, in some schools influential to the banning of parap hernalia direction Barts images and habitual denunciations of the serial. As the series grew in popularity- and eventually was joined by oppositewise sketch series that were send withdrawn to be all the to a greater extent(prenominal) more educationally offensive, such as Beavis and Butthead and South Park-the furor died down to a now on the otherwise artisan passive hostility toward the program, at least in the classroom. It certainly didnt facilitate the educational communitys disagreement to stimu new-fangled Interval magazine reputation the series the best video program of the 20th century, or to corroborate the poet laureate of the United States, Robert Pinsky, praise the series, stating that it penetrates to the creative activity of television itself-importance (Owen, 2000, p. 65). Nor did it facilitate that various teachers went habitat, turned the program on, and laughed themselves silly. All the more another(prenominal) abbreviate has been created amongs t the floriculture of children and the culture of education, a gummed cross out that has been perhaps all the more more painful for media educators, various of whom comply Hobbs (1998) target that the texts of everyday cargoner, when constituted as objects of cordial confederation, provide the theory for combining textual, historical, and ideological examination in slipway that relieve students and teachers give way beyond the limits of traditional disciplines and contr everyplacesy argonas (p. 21). To be undeniable, there arrive at been efforts by media educators to bring The Simpsons into the classroom. Our debate of the media literacy literature and media literacy sites revealed a number of examples of pro make up slightons incorporating the series, from examining The Simpsons as a everlasting(a) variant of cordial satire to comparing The Simpsons family to other television families. On the other hand, in al more or less every dispute, we sensed that the strange qua lities of the series eluded these efforts. The basic tools of media education and literacy as typically agreed upon by numerous media literacy communities-tools which regulate our train to basic precepts such as the significance that the media be constructed- break by not to be enough to turn The Simpsons from renegade habitual culture into a teachable moment (Aufderheide, 1993 Media Aw beness Ne iirk, 2000). Perhaps the cardinal poser with The Simpsons is that it seems to drag the media literacy examination onto the unfamiliar and all the more forethought terrain of postmodernism, where issues of image and transcript open to fall apart, a terrain where sporadic media educators be willing or able to follow. Of line, there has been an effort to define, critique, and bring postmodern impression to bear on educational judgment and application, expressly from advocates of exact pedagogy (e.g., Aronowitz Giroux, 1992). All the more this has been a theory- determined effort tha t has not reached make headway far into educational scholarship, and has do almost no headway into the frontlines of educational duck.Various teachers Studies in Media Info Literacy Education, Tome 1, Subject 1 (February 2001), 1-12 University of Toronto Press. DOI 10.3138/sim.1.1.002 pick out never heard of the label postmodernism. The same mould is equally, if not more pronounced, in the media education citizens. Our examination of media literacy literature and key media literacy web sites in the United States and Canada revealed an almost comprehensive absence of controversy and examination on postmodernism. There bugger off been, of pathway, notable exceptions (McL atomic number 18n, Hammer, Scholle, Reilly, 1995 Steinberg Kincheloe, 1997). The outcome of this empty margin is another censorious abbreviate, in this dispute not between students and educators, on the other artisan between media educators and media theorists. In examining this section, we are struck by t wo observations. First, the gap between media education fix and media judgment comes precisely at the moment when teachers and media educators are finding themselves overwhelmed by strange modern fixedness cultural texts for which the unfamiliar category of postmodernism may potentially be the most fruitful interpretative handle. Second, the persuasions of students and media theorists stand in the succeeding birth. Students are support inside an increasingly postmodern regular(a) cultural participation that media theorists are attempting to label, define, and scan. The puzzle is that students dont necessarily flip the vocabulary to generate importation of their participation, and the vocabulary that theorists have developed seems to make believe substance unaccompanied in polish seminars. The Simpsons offers a promising opportunity to strategically conformity these issues, highlighting the limits of accomplished media literacy tools, illustrating the aesthetic quiz of postmodernism, and providing some vocabulary to label that examine. In effect, it serves as an dispute of how the solution of postmodernism can be used to develop a present-day(a) range of particular proposition interpretive skills for constructively engaging this ontogeny trend in habitual culture.Our article presents a mini admittance to postmodernism and a grounded surgical process of the benefits and limits of applying this judgment. Our reason is not to provide an exhaustive or all the more spread out introduction to postmodern judgment. Rather, it is to position The Simpsons as a media subject that can be used as a starting give notice for exploring postmodern judgment. Fear of Postmodernism If everyone loves The Simpsons, postmodernism has its position participation of critics. Writing in U.S. Material and Field Report, Leo (1999) argues that postmodernism has created a address that no one can understand, a language that is used to intellectually bully readers in to agreeing with outlandish propositions. The academic area, on the other artisan, has offered more double assessments. Hebdige (1988) argues that we are in the presence of a buzzword, a expression which, piece confusing, does appropriate an influential companionable or cultural transition. Kellner (1995) agrees, observing that . . . the label postmodern is often a placeholder, or semiotic marker, that indicates that there are virgin phenomena that demand mapping and theorizing (p. 46). In the infrequent instances where references to postmodernism do appear in media literacy literature, its ambiguous area is emphasized. For process, Buckingham and Sefton-Green (1997), in their effort to launch charting the challenges posed by multimedia education in an increasingly digitized media area, believe that postmodernism, although guileful and sweeping, offers a beneficial pathway to characterize a number of enormous tender and cultural transformations. Some of the changes that contro l Buckingham and Sefton-Green embrace the area of consumption, the blurring distinctions between production and consumption, the poaching of texts and symbols, and the rejection of the elitist and sterile showdowns between high and habitual culture (pp. 289-292). Given the slipperiness of the sense, postmodernism on the other hand marks a critical modern moment in the scan of media and likeness. Building on the business of Buckingham and Sefton-Green (1997), we open by asking what is postmodernism and what can we do with it? With its disbelieving of truthfulness and its subject of the politics of media representations, postmodernism, once it is understood properly, can be a rich source of pedagogical judgment and curb. The Postmodern engagement Definitions and Symptoms What true is the label postmodernism softening to receive? There is, graduation exercise, the sense of opposition to modernism.In essence, modernism secernates that individuals and nations, guided by logical thinking and Studies in Media proponent Literacy Education, Tome 1, Subject 1 (February 2001), 1-12 University of Toronto Press. DOI 10.3138/sim.1.1.002 2 scientific achievements, are moving toward a more homosexuale, more just, and more economically flourishing ultimate. In other contents, modernism embraces overture, view it as a elongated and inexorable phenomenon with acceptable outcomes. Accordingly, the publish in postmodernism stands for the meaning that there is no longer any guarantee of progress. In point, there is further flyspeck consensus as to what progress all the more wealth. Postmodernity typically is distinguished by an undermining of force, the denigration of novel by turning it into a style or evocative nostalgia, the question of progress, and the head to impression the ultimate as empty. otherwise postmodern symptoms embrace the meaning of image plume, intertextuality (the on the face of it random quoting of one subject by another), a heightened mea ning of media self-reflexivity calling control to replica as a hall of mirrors, and pastiche, defined as the sense to cause disjointed images and subject fragments. Finally, the postmodern process is marked by commodification overload (the head to turn everything into a product or marketing opportunity), jeering overload (the elevation of mockery as the dominant rhetorical posture), and the increase questioning of the sense of personal individuality brought on by viewing the self as a social construction. In short, the meaning of postmodernism calls control to the ways in which a beneficial deal of everyday regular culture is at once fully informed by, if not driven by, the basic media literacy precept that media construct social naked truth. In act, all the more of regular culture relentlessly draws judgment to the further whimsicality of almost every aspect of our social participation, as well as the moral and epistemological foundations on which social participation depends. In other contents, the curriculum of regular culture has outstripped the curriculum of the classroom, all the more the media education classroom. The vocabulary of postmodernism allows us to launch to contemplate and term the various ways in which this is taking fix, on the other share it further leaves us at a loss about how to proceed. Recognizing this disagreement, memo and educational theorists have attempted to clarify what is to be gained by drawing on the social and theoretical insights generated by the deconstructive influence of postmodern criticism. At the same detachment, they have tried to demonstrate how to tame this influence in the utility of modernist value such as human rights, equality, freedom, and democracy (Aronowitz Giroux, 1991 Best Kellner, 1991 Giroux, 1997 Kellner, 1995 Rorty, 1989 Wolin, 1990).A critical postmodernism encourages us to solicit contemporary questions about all claims to influence (scientific or otherwise), about how contemporary forms of replica and contemporary inflections in the style of replica made practicable through technology and commodification exchange the quality of sense, and about how cultural dominance is produced and maintained through the patterns of contrasts used to define social and linguistic categories (Aronowitz Giroux, 1991 Scholle Denski, 1995). Postmodernism offers contemporary tools for critical comment and modern responsibilities for connecting media and cultural interpretation to democracy as a form of native land that enables critical reflection and activism, making us understand the ways in which our on the face of it private individual identities are formed, through language and symbols, in kind to each other and the broader social and political citizens (McKinlay, 1998, p. 481). For The Simpsons audience, an ambivalence toward technology and progress is guideline fare. This judgment of the ultimate as empty and without guarantees has further been associated with the vegetable ma rrow individualism of Hour X, whose slogan might glance at We have seen the forthcoming and it sucks. While any aspect of postmodernism discussed above can be found in and explored within The Simpsons, two concepts in particular- badinage overload and the questioning of identicalness-will serve as reference points in our reconsideration of the series. The puzzle of personal individualism is a central complication for all young citizens, on the other artisan it is a puzzle that is not duration satisfactorily addressed, minded(p) the growing levels of hopelessness, cynicism, despair, and suicide among teenagers. Of particular control to us is that The Simpsons repeatedly focuses on this further subject the puzzle of selfhood in an increasingly absurd culture pulverized with images, symbols, value, irony, commercialization, and hucksterism. What lessons does The Simpsons teach? What lessons can be learned as the characters on the demonstrate are thrust into many battles for selfho od within the postmodern terrain? whoop it up all the more postmodern Studies in Media Info Literacy Education, manual of arms 1, controversy 1 (February 2001), 1-12 University of Toronto Press. DOI 10.3138/sim.1.1.002 3 culture, The Simpsons, is staring(a) with irony and obsessed with issues of imperative identity operator, expressly in relation to media culture. Our task is to articulate an interpretive stray of reference to facilitate media educators and viewers open to cause critical meaning of these symptoms.The Challenges of Postmodern Selfhood Gergen (1991) notes that postmodernists abbreviate version into three epochs, each of which corresponds to a particular judgment of personal identity or selfhood. These periods are labeled as the pre-modern (romantic hour), the contemporary era, and the postmodern. From the pre-modern or romantic tradition, we derive our meaning in a stable center of identity. In Gergens contents, powerful forces in the deep midland of ones dur ation are held to be the source of inspiration, creativity, genius, and moral courage, all the more madness (Gergen, 1992, p. 61). Modernism redefined the self, shifting the emphasis from deep, mysterious processes to human sentience in the here and these days, always in control with such values as efficiency, stable functioning, and progress. The self in its virgin form-what Gergen calls the postmodern or comparative self-is no longer viewed as a separate target, on the other artisan is increasingly understood as a relative construction, defined by and spread across the humanity and activity experiences each individual encounters throughout her or his field. In short, as McNamee and Gergen (1999) argue, there are no independent selves we are each constituted by others (who are themselves in like manner constituted). We are always already related to by fairness of shared constitutions of the self (p. 15). Linked to this sense is the sense that a certain understanding of ours elves as beings occurs through language, which is itself a fundamentally relational sense, and that our identity grows and develops in relationship to the endless dialogues that we have with others, with culture, and with ourselves. In this meaning, our interactions with the media cause late significant. Moreover, this contemporary consciousness of the relational sense of the self comes at correct the moment when the relationships we enter into and which contribute to our definition of self are multiplying at an exponential rate and are duration increasingly spread over a in a superior way and in a superior way span of hour and amplitude. It is one baggage to see the sense of the relational self when we think of, claim, two friends engaged in a mutually sustaining and defining examination. In this scenery, the sense of the relational self is promising, perhaps all the more reassuring. On the other hand, extending the meaning of relationship to subsume every symbolic encounter in which we willingly or unwilling participate-from intentional relationships to unintentional and forced relationship with 3,000 commercial messages per day-presents modern challenges. A critical postmodern perspective calls control to this crisis of identity, a crisis in which the media of memo and their commercial foundations are deeply implicated. Of line, thinking of the self as a relational construct not only gives insights into the crisis of the self, on the other share it further offers a means of thinking about how to residence that crisis. In this more hopeful and acceptable meaning, the relational self offers a glimpse of those selected aspects of human participation and identity that may be used as a moral foundation in the face of the deconstructive whirlpool of commercial postmodern culture. The relational self suggests a moral hollow that is based less on the received truths of religion or accomplishment than in the manner by which we draw up ourselves and our commun ity through ceaseless and inevitable physical, linguistic, and psychological dependence upon one another. Drawing on the duty of Martin Buber, Mikhail Bakhtin, Jurgen Habermas, Richard Rorty, and Jerome Bruner, McNamee and Gergen (1999) deposit elsewhere a independent and thoughtful introduction to what a moral ethic organized on all sides of the relational self would see enjoy. They have called it relational responsibility, defining relationally responsible actions as those that sustain and enhance forms of exchange elsewhere of which influential process itself is made practicable. Isolation, they argue, represents the negation of citizens (p. 19). The guideline of relational responsibility is in stark contrast to the deconstructive tendencies of postmodernism. As such, it can serve as a critical bridge linking the interpretive coercion of a critical postmodernism to the modernist values associated with progressive democracy.Studies in Media Counsel Literacy Education, Tome 1, Su bject 1 (February 2001), 1-12 University of Toronto Press. DOI 10.3138/sim.1.1.002 4 At the same hour, it is autonomous that the deconstructive tendencies of postmodernism (as a fix of virgin conditions) have influential implications for personal identity construction. Giddens (1991), for process, warns of the looming threat of personal meaninglessness. It is this threat that directs us back to a carefulness of one of the central tropes of postmodern discourse irony. As noted above, relentless irony is a hallmark of both The Simpsons and the postmodern era. As individuals scrape to confront postmodern challenges to identity, there is grounds to solicit whether there is any valuation in the postmodern strategy of irony. Thus, the implications of irony both for identity formation and relational responsibility must be considered. banter, Identity, and the Disagreement of state The Simpsons is regularly celebrated for its incisive wit and social satire, for its force to manipulate i rony to bell control to the absurdity of everyday social conventions and beliefs. Irony functions as a critical form that helps us to break through surface sense to examine and understand the correct area of things in a contemporary and deeper means. It is a vehicle for enhancing critical consciousness, and it represents a moral coercion of skilled in the function of eradicating constituted pathetic (Rorty, 1989). As Hutcheon (1992, 1994) notes, critical irony is intimately linked to politics. The compel of deconstructing can be a first development to political dispute, and ironys oppositional character can be a major critical compel. The subversive functioning of irony is related to its status as a self-critical and self-reflexive resources that challenges hierarchy, and this influence to undermine and overturn is tell to have politically transformative coercion. On the other share this is not where the manipulate of irony ends in The Simpsons, nor does it appropriate the postmod ern turn in the meaning of irony. Postmodern irony is ambiguous and its solution is contested.It can be construe by adherents as playful, reflexive, and liberating opponents, on the other hand, contemplate it as frivolous, deviant, and unrepentant (Hutcheon, 1992, 1994 Kaufman, 1997 Thiele, 1997). In postmodern irony, clarity in moral delineation begins to disappear. For process, in virgin comedy, as in all social behavior, all actions are controversy to satire from some perspective. Besides, by reason of postmodern irony begins with the assumption that language produces all sense, a kind of emancipatory indulgence in irony is evoked-an invitation to reconceptualize language as a form of play. As Gergen (1991) writes, we neednt recognise such linguistic activities with profundity, imbue them with deep significance, or fix elsewhere to interchange the nature on their novel. Rather, we might play with the truths of the hour, shake them about, try them on wampum funny hats (p. 188) . In other contents, postmodern irony invites us to avoid saying it straight, using linear logic, and forming smooth, progressive narratives (p. 188). The Simpsons is saturated with this form of postmodern irony. On the other facilitate where does that leave media educators move to duty with this enormously regular series? On the one artisan, media educators would prize to engage the series fully by practise of it raises various challenges to conventional ideas of mould and selfhood on the other share, they are unwilling to lead students to examine media literacy as a form of deconstruction that leads only to meaninglessness or play. Some media scholars contemplate postmodern irony as a fleshy challenge for teachers committed to linking media literacy with productive citizenship. Purdy, for dispute, laments that between Madonna and the fist-fight between deliverer and Santa Claus that opened the cartoon series South Park, there is less and less left in society whose flouting can e licit shock. Irony, he concludes, invites us to be self-absorbed, on the other facilitate in selves that we cannot believe to be particularly interesting or significant (p. 26). Conway and Seery (1992) are similarly touch on about the implications of postmodern irony for engaged citizenship. Although irony may render the dispossessed with much-needed critical perspective and all the more underwrite a minimal political agenda, they draw up, it is generally regarded as irremediably parasitic and asocial (p. 3). Hutcheon (1994) further shares this episode, noting that irony can be both political and apolitical, both conservative and radical, both repressive and democratizing in a pathway that other discursive strategies are not (p. 35). Gergen (1991) frames the challenge of postmodern irony in terms of its challenge to forming a coherent self. If all serious projects are reduced to satire, play, Studies in Media Counsel Literacy Education, Tome 1, Subject 1 (February 2001), 1-12 Un iversity of Toronto Press. DOI 10.3138/sim.1.1.002 5 or nonsense, all attempts at authenticity or earnest ends become empty-merely postures to be punctuated by sophisticated self-consciousness (p. 189). If this is the poser that The Simpsons raises in its manipulate of both critical and postmodern irony, to what room is it alter to a social consciousness with a practicable for social process, as opposed to contributing to a cynical numbness founded on ironic detachment?What solutions does the series offer for resolving this disagreement? Are there any pick solutions that acknowledge the postmodern challenge to identity? Exploration of Self in Homer to the exclusive With these concerns in meaning, we see an phase of The Simpsons that originally aeriform on February 7, 1998. The period focuses with particular vehemence on the quest for identity and asks the closest questions How is the sense of the self understood in relationship to the efflorescence of media images, symbols, an d values? How does irony fit into the exploration and courage of identity issues? How do we understand The Simpsons confrontations with the self and identity in terms of what has been called the postmodern process? The demonstrate begins with the principles sight gags on the couch and the Simpson familys lampooning of televisions midseason replacement series. The program that finally captures the familys carefulness is jurisprudence Cops, which becomes a present within the present. As the two Miami-Vice enjoy heroes of Police Cops subdue would-be bank thieves, one of the patrol detective heroes, a millionaire cop surrounded by admiring women, introduces himself as Simpson, police detective Homer Simpson. The Simpson family is shocked and Homer is exclusively overwhelmed, confusing himself with his television image.The eyepatch then unfolds in essentially five kernels that hire up and explore Homers admiration over his own identity (Chatman, 1978). First, Homer identifies co mpletely with the television detective hero Wow. They captured my personality perfectly Did you examine the means dadaism caught that bullet? In turn, the all-inclusive citizens of Springfield validates Homers contemporary pseudo-identity, treating him as if he were the television detective hero Hey, Mr. Simpson, sir, can I purchase your sign? Second, the Police Cops producers interchange their television detective character from glamorous hero to bumbling sidekick, launching a series of gags about Homers correct identity. The virgin characterization is truly a near perfect replication of the out-and-out(a) Homer Simpson. This outrages Homer Hey whats going on? That guys not Homer Simpson Hes flump and stupid The town continues to respond to Homer as the television character, only these days with ridicule rather than respect. Nonetheless, Homer gains some insight into the confusion between his authentic and put on identity. As a assemblage of co-workers gathers in the hallway a bsent his business waiting for him to do something stupid, Homer retorts, Well, Im sorry to disappoint you gentleman, on the other artisan you seem to have me disunited with a character in a fictional present. Factor of the joyousness for viewers derives from the irony of the cartoon character Homer making the state that he is the authentic Homer Simpson, as opposed to the fictional cartoon character within the cartoon.The writers of the period then continue to play with this seemingly endless hall of mirrors between absolute and fictional identity by scripting Homer to behave true in the transaction of the revised fictional detective character. Homer obliges by spilling a fondue pot on the nuclear reactor polity panel. Homers identity crisis eventually leads him to Hollywood, where he confronts the producers of the Police Cops-By the Numbers Productions-and demands that they recast the detective character Im begging you Im a human duration Let me have my dignity back The lines be tween Homers authentic identity and his media identity blur all the more besides when his efforts in the production business are used as grist for a contemporary gag in the later Police Cops period. Studies in Media Counsel Literacy Education, Manual 1, Controversy 1 (February 2001), 1-12 University of Toronto Press. DOI 10.3138/sim.1.1.002 6 In the third kernel, the speckle shifts absent from Homers struggle over his identification with his media replica to his fixation on the sense that a contemporary label will give him a virgin identity. In this kernel, Homer goes to court to sue Police Cops for the uncomely application of his reputation. When his petition is instantly rebuffed in the term of corporate patented interests, he rashly decides to transform his reputation to Max Coercion. Homers growth is nowadays transformed. His self-image improves, he becomes forceful and dynamic, and his co-workers and boss treat him with respect. Mr. Burns, remembering Homers reputation fo r the first interval, exclaims, Well, who could forget the reputation of a magnetic individual prize you? harbour up the acceptable profession, Max. While shopping at Costingtons for a contemporary faculty wardrobe, Homer meets a member of Springfields elite with a similarly powerful label, Trent Steele. Trent nowadays takes Homer/Max under his wing, inviting him to garden flock for Springfields young, hip force couples, an period that turns elsewhere to be the jumping off stop for an environmental reason. The critical moment in this kernel-which links the identity crisis of Police Cops with the identity theme in the Max Force computer software of the episode-occurs when Homer reveals to his contemporary best friend Trent Steele the origin of the term Max Compel.When Trent exclaims, Hey, beneficial term, Homer replies, Yeah, isnt it? I got it off a hairdryer. Homers resolution to his identity crisis with his media self is to redefine himself in terms of the force setting of a min i household appliance. The self is these days equated with a product. At first, the results are stunningly successful. The fourth kernel leads to the denouement. In the third kernel, Homers appropriation of the identity of his hair dryer appears to have resolved his identity crisis in satisfactory transaction. On the other hand, this meaning soon falls apart. At the garden assemblage, Homer and Marge rub shoulders with celebrity environmental activists birchen Harrelson and Ed Begley, Jr., two of the various celebrities lampooned in the phase. The sense fundamental these scenes is that Homer, as the buffoon celebrity Max Force, is on the same level as other equally shallow and ridiculous celebrities. Finally, Trent Steele announces that it is interval to board a bus to reason the wanton destruction of our nations forests. This generate is relentlessly parodied We have to protect trees by generate of trees cant protect themselves, except, of trail, the Mexican trash Trees. The pa rtygoers travel to a stand of redwoods about to be bulldozed and are en mountain chained to the trees. The police (Chief Wiggum, Eddie, and Lou) confront Homer, attempt to swab his eyes with Hippie- Coercion mace, and stop up chasing him on all sides of his tree. His chain works prize a saw, cutting down the redwood, which in turn topples the comprehensive forest. Homer, freed at persist, throws his chain into the air, killing a bald eagle. Homer, as the phony Max Force, is rejected by the phony celebrity activists. In the fifth and final kernel, which serves as an epilogue to the phase, Marge and Homer are in bed. Marge tells Homer she is glad he changed his reputation back to Homer Simpson and Homer responds, Yes, I learned you gotta be yourself. The Phase Through a Postmodern lens The phase is intriguing by generate of of its insistent focus on the search for identity, and the methods by which that identity is constructed within the absurdities of the postmodern landscape. As G ergen (1992) notes, We are exposed to more opinions, values, personalities, and ways of activity than was any previous interval in novel the number of our relationships soars, the variations are enormous past relationships extreme (only a ring bell apart) and contemporary faces are only a channel absent (p. 58). There is, in short, an explosion in social connections.What does this explosion have to do with our meaning of selves and what we stand for, and how does it undermine beliefs in a romantic interior or in a rational center of the self ? This is precisely the controversy this period of The Simpsons takes up over again and again. What is exclusively engaging in this phase is the focus on Homers identity crisis and its relationship to the media. This is not, of line, a theme unique to The Simpsons. As Caldwell (1995) observes, comedy-variety shows in the late 1940s and early 1950s were repeatedly using the conventions of intertextuality and

Factors Effecting Cardiac Output Physical Education Essay

Factors Effecting Cardiac Output Physical Education EssayInotropy commode have positive or proscribe issue on the philia, particularly the ventricles. There atomic number 18 few factors that can influence inotropy this can all be neuronal, hormonal. The neuronal influence is predominately from the autonomic nerves, either the para large- disembodied spirited or the appealing nerves and these have both negative and positive ensnare on inotropy. However, other influences come from some drugs which have positive or negative effect on inotropy. This entrust consequently affect the cardio fruit by changing the state of for good ideal ESV, preload, bezant saturation and eye rate. All of these factors atomic number 18 related and dep wipe off on each other. sectionalization AThe autonomic nerves are divided into cardinal, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. The sympathetic nerves cause a positive inotropy. It does this by relinquish norpinephrine by the postganlionic fibers and the secretion of epinephrine from adrenal medulla. These hormones, norpinephrine and epinephrine, causes the cardiac t dyingon electric cell metabolism. Hence, the contr exertion and the force of findion in the cardiac sinew ontogenesis. This pluss because of picky faces of receptors called adrenergic receptors found on the plasma membrane of the cardiac energy cells. There are two types one is called the alpha receptors and the other type is called the beta receptors. These receptors bind to and recognise both norepinephrine and epinephrine. Because of the cardiac muscle builder cells contraction adds this forget cause the ventricles to contract harder. This pull up stakes decrease the end systolic volume, because the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles augments.The other types of nerves that influence the inotropy are called parasympathetic nerves. The parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus causes the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which is a n eurotransmitter. The ACh binds to two types of receptors they are cognise as the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. There are diametrical types of mascarinic receptors and the M2 muscarinic receptors are specific for the heart. These receptors work by maintaining the heart to stay at its constant state. When the ACh is released it binds to M2 mascurinic receptors. Therefore, after the reactions occur between the M2 mascurinic receptors and the ACh, the effect it has on the heart is that it reduces the heart rate it also reduces the action potential produced by the SA thickener and the AV node. However, it also affects the hearts ability to contract. Both the arterial and ventricular muscle cells are innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. However, in the ventricular muscle cells, the parasympathetic nerves have to a greater extent abridge than the sympathetic nerves. For these reasons the parasympathetic stimulation has a negative effect on the ino tropy.Beside the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulations having influence on the inotropic state there are few hormones, described above, and drugs that can also influence the inotropic state of the heart. As mentioned above, epinephrine, which is released from the adrenal gland, and norepinephrine, which is released from the sympathetic nerves, increases the heart rate. This has a positive effect on the inotropic state of the heart. However, there are few drugs that have the enemy effect of the norepinephrine and epinephrine these drugs are know as antagonist, because they block the action of the hormones. Some examples of such drugs are propanolol and digoxin. Propranolol works by occlude the beta adrenergic receptors that binds with epinephrine. This gist that epinephrine cannot longer bind to these receptors, so therefore its effects are no longer seen and blocked. This is why propranolol and drugs equal to it are called beta-blockers. The actions seen by these drugs on the heart is that it slows down the heart rate.When the ventricles contract with great report of force, the ventricles have to chasten some sort of tension this tension is known as afterload and comes from the aorta pressure. Therefore, if the afterload is increased, this volition mean the ventricular muscle cells will contract for longer period. Hence, the greater the end systolic volume will be this is because the blood ejected is less(prenominal) and this will reduce the stroke volume, which means cardiac outfit will decrease as well. This instrument only happens when the inotropy is increased and this can be done by hormonal or anatomic stimulation influence. On the other hand, a cut back inotropic sate, in this case the afterload is increased as well, will have the opposite effect on the end systolic volume.Section BThe preload is nowadays proportional to the end diastolic volume therefore if there is an increase in the preload, there is an increase in the end diastoli c volume. fundamentally what preload does is that it affects the cardiac muscle cells ability of creating tension. So this means during systole, during the contraction of the ventricular muscle cells, the force produced increases and is forceful. Therefore increasing inotropy, by hormones such as epinephrine or stimulation from the autonomic sickening system, will increase in the force of contraction of the ventricles. Another office the inotropy can be increased depends on the amount of blood that is returned to the heart, which is known as the venous return. This can for example be caused by attain this will increase the venous return and which will increase the end diastolic volume. Hence the increase of end diastolic volume will cause the increase of both stroke volume and cardiac output. What the venous return does is that it stretches the ventricular muscle cells because of the more blood. So this means the sacromere continuance will increase so does the tension. This resu lts in the contraction of the ventricular muscle cells with greater force and the ejection of more blood. Thus, an increase in the preload will cause an increase in end diastolic volume so therefore stroke volume is increased and cardiac output. This mechanism is known as the Frank-Starling law this law basically states that the more the heart is stretched, the harder the heart contracts to eject more blood.When the ventricles contract with great deal of force, the ventricles have to overcome some sort of tension this tension is known as afterload and comes from the aorta pressure. Therefore, if the afterload is increased, this will mean the ventricular muscle cells will contract for longer period. Hence, the greater the end systolic volume will be this is because the blood ejected is less and this will reduce the stroke volume, which means cardiac output will decrease as well. This mechanism only happens when the inotropy is increased and this can be done by hormonal or anatomic s timulation influence. On the other hand, a reduced inotropic sate, in this case the afterload is increased as well, will have the opposite effect on the end systolic volume.The contractility of the heart can, especially the ventricles, can have a great deal on the pressure and the development tension on the ventricles. This has an effect on the ejection fraction, because the inotropy changes the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles. There are two types of factors that increase the inotropic state. The types are either said to have positive inotropic or negative inotropic.In order for the cardiac muscles cells to contract, the sarcoplasmic reticulum has to release Ca2+ .What causes the contraction of the cardiac cells are the presentation of Ca2+ into the cells. Therefore what the positive inotropic does is that it increases the amount of Ca2+ that enter into the cardiac muscle cells. This increases the stroke volume and lowers the ESV which in return increases the cardiac ou tput. An example of this is the sympathetic stimulation on the heart. However, the negative inotropic has the opposite effect. This can for example be the parasympathetic stimulation basically this will block the entry of the Ca2+ into the cardiac muscle cells. Thus the ejection fraction is reduced which leads to an increase on the ESV hence the stroke volume decrease and cardiac output as well.The heart rate is defined as the number of quantify the heart get the better of in one minutes. In a mean(prenominal) person at rest beats as 70 beats per minutes. The body controls the heart rate different ways that might increase or decrease heart rate. Activities from the parasympathetic nerves decreases the heart rate, basically what happens is that stimulations sent from the parasympathetic nerves to the heart decreases heart rate whereas the sympathetic nerves have the opposite effect. The effect seen from this is that the pacemaker potential decreases referable to a decrease in the F-type sodium ions. This means the threshold is reached more slowly than it is normally, thus heart rate decreases and consequently the cardiac out decreases as well.Heart rate can also be impact by hormonal influence. One primarily example is the release of epinephrine which is released from adrenal medulla. This hormone basically acts on the receptors found on beta-adrenergic receptors in the SA node. These receptors normally accept norepinephrine, which is released from the neurons. The effect of these hormones is that it increases the heart rate, hence the cardiac output.

The Effects of Violent Computer Games on Children :: Essays Papers

The Effects of Violent Computer Games on ChildrenChildren be spending an change magnitude amount of time contend games. Research shows that as much as 92% of children between 4 and 17 days of age trifle film games (Zvezdan, 1). Most of these video games argon trigger-happy and cause sensible and mental problems in children.Computer games that are play excessively piece of ass misemploy a persons health. They washbasin cause epilepsy, damage to a childs office, and damage to joints, pare down irritation and down deterioration. Flashing of lights and the radiant energy of the images from the screen piece of tail trigger seizures (Randall, 1). Seizures merchant ship lead an individual to develop epilepsy. Epilepsy causes a amiable of electrical assault in the brain. The most common type of epilepsy is called atomic number 19 mal (Epilepsy, 194). It causes a sudden loss of consciousness and wild jerking of arms, legs and former(a) parts of the body. An early(a ) adverse effect of contend figurer games is round-shouldered mold. Crooked posture is one of the most common medical problems committed to playing video games. In fact there is a bulky number of children in junior high and high schools that have a stooped posture as a result of playing computer games (Zvezdan, 1). Having a crooked posture keep lead to permanent spinal anaesthesia damage. Damage to joints or tendonitis is just another factor that comes with playing computer games excessively. The changeless repetition of the same movements to hands induces damage to joints and sputter irritation (Zvezdan, 1). other effect of playing computer games is deterioration of eyesight. Hours agaze at the screen, which displays quick flashing pictures, can impair sight.Some other corporeal problems caused by computer games are lack of exercise and psychomotor disorders (Setzer, 3). With lack of exercise, the buildup of change increases causing a person to become obese. juvenile news articles claim, both(prenominal) children addicted to electronic games spoke too libertine with limited sense, skin perceptiveness or contents in their speech.(Setzer, 3) Unable to deliver properly would suit children back from excelling in their studies.The mental effects of playing violent games are just as numerous as the physical effects. Excessively playing violent computer games over along detail of time can contribute to obsessive, addictive behavior, the player will be dehumanized, and feelings will be desensitized (Setzer, 1).The Effects of Violent Computer Games on Children Essays papersThe Effects of Violent Computer Games on ChildrenChildren are spending an increasing amount of time playing games. Research shows that as much as 92% of children between 4 and 17 years of age play video games (Zvezdan, 1). Most of these video games are violent and cause physical and mental problems in children.Computer games that are played excessively can dama ge a persons health. They can cause epilepsy, damage to a childs posture, and damage to joints, skin irritation and sight deterioration. Flashing of lights and the radiant energy of the images from the screen can trigger seizures (Randall, 1). Seizures can lead an individual to develop epilepsy. Epilepsy causes a kind of electrical storm in the brain. The most common type of epilepsy is called grand mal (Epilepsy, 194). It causes a sudden loss of consciousness and wild jerking of arms, legs and other parts of the body. some other adverse effect of playing computer games is crooked posture. Crooked posture is one of the most common medical problems connected to playing video games. In fact there is a huge number of children in junior high and high schools that have a crooked posture as a result of playing computer games (Zvezdan, 1). Having a crooked posture can lead to permanent spinal damage. Damage to joints or tendonitis is just another factor that comes with playing computer games excessively. The constant repetition of the same movements to hands induces damage to joints and skin irritation (Zvezdan, 1). Another effect of playing computer games is deterioration of eyesight. Hours staring at the screen, which displays rapidly flashing pictures, can impair sight.Some other physical problems caused by computer games are lack of exercise and psychomotor disorders (Setzer, 3). With lack of exercise, the buildup of fat increases causing a person to become obese. Recent news articles claim, some children addicted to electronic games spoke too fast with limited sense, feeling or contents in their speech.(Setzer, 3) Unable to speak properly would hold children back from excelling in their studies.The mental effects of playing violent games are just as numerous as the physical effects. Excessively playing violent computer games over along period of time can contribute to obsessive, addictive behavior, the player will be dehumanized, and feelings will be desensitized (Setzer, 1).

Irving Textual Analysis of The Legend Of Sllepy Hollow Essays

Textual Analysis of "The Legend of sleepy Hollow"1.) Romantic Descriptiona. pg. 715 - "there is a little v every last(predicate)ey, or rather lap of land, among high hills, which is one of the quietest places in the whole world. A small brook glides through it, with just a murmur generous to lull one to repose and the occasional whistle of a quail, or tapping of a woodpecker, is almost the further sound that ever breaks in upon the consistent undisturbedity."Irving describes nature as an untouchable force. He ignores the realism of nature and reveals only the beauty it holds. It is the stereotypical description of Mother Nature. Irving makes it sound so tranquil as if this place doesnt exist in this world.c. pg 731 - "Its limbs were gnarled, and fantastic, large bounteous to form trunks of ordinary trees, twisting down almost to the earth, and boost again into the air.The tree is almost created into somewhat of a creature. With the limbs twisting issue and rising into the air. Irving takes ordinary earthlike objects and changes the perspective of them into imaginary matter.2.) Avoidance of sway/Digressionsa. pg 717 - "...some little, tough, wrong-headed, broad-skirted Dutch urchin, who sulked and swelled and grew dogged and sullen beneath the birch. All this he called "doing his duty by their parents" and he never inflicted a chastisement without followers it by the assurance, so consolatory to the smarting urchin, which "he would remember it, and convey him for it the longest day he had to live." When school hours were over..."Irving constantly made bid of the Dutch, and this is one of those examples. He calls them wrong-headed and mocks their appearance by criticizing theirbroad-skirted dress. Then to avoid the quarrel he changes the subject and goes straight into the next thing.b. pg 728 - "The musician was an old gray-headed headed Negro, who had been the itinerant orchestra of the neighborhood fo r more than half a century. His instrument was as old and battered as himself."Here, Irving tries to avoid the subject of slavery and valet de chambre rights. He tries to stay neutral on the issue. He described the sorry man as battered and old showing the inequality of the both races, in a sense avoiding the whole slavery situation during that clock period. 3.) American Character Types a. pg 722... ...cts women as a bit lazy because in the passage they jut sit around talking, eating, and having a good conviction and have no clip to do. Therefore, implying that men do all the work and the women just lounge around.8.) Use of American Historya. pg 719 - "He was, moreover, prestigious by the women as a man of great erudition, for he had ingest several books quite through, and was a perfect master of Cotton Mathers history of New England Witchcraft, in which, by the way, he most firmly and strongly believed.Irving refers to an actual historical event by mentioning tha t Ichabod was a firm truster in Cotton Mathers writing about the Salem witch trials. Irving is picturesque accurate because it is actually a real book and was commonly read. He references to the literary works of the time and the thoughts that people had about the world during the time.b. pg 728 - "The British and American line had run near it during the war it had, therfore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border chivalry."Irving does use an historical American setting, America and the British were occupied in war at the time and had battles around that.

The Life and Literature of Willa Cather Essay -- Authors

The corking characters in literature argon born protrude of love, often out of some beautiful experience of the writer (Brown 1). A number of novelists fix much of their inspiration for writing from stories they strain, places they have lived and visited, their childhood, and great deal they know and hear of in their lives. Willa Cather is no exception. The setting and places in Cathers novels are derived from her travels, and where she lived. Cathers earliest life experiences were also integrated into her writing. The characters in Cathers novels are based on people in and around her life. Willa Cathers journeys, and residences childhood, and the people around her permeate in her novels The Professors House, and A upset Lady.The first locale where Cather crafted her scenery after was her home town of reddened Cloud, northeast. Willa Cather was born in Back Creek Valley, Virginia she and her family moved to Nebraska quartette years later. Within A Lost Lady, the home of Capta in Daniel Forrester, and married woman Marian is described by the narrator as standing on a low round hill, and standing close to a fine cottonwood grove that threw sheltering arms to left and right. Cather paints a picturesque conniption of the mansion belonging to then governor Silas and Lyra Garber, his wife. Sweet Water, the town in which A Lost Lady takes place closely resembles Red Cloud. In comparison, Susan Rosowski, renowned Cather scholar describes the home of the Garbers having a cottonwood grove, the touch of the fast growing trees made the place a favorite for picnics and early(a) social affairs for the people in the town, including young Willa Cather (Rosowski and Ronning 194). The Forresters dwelling house decided to incorporate in A Lost Lady was, for certain a place of solace a... ... Lady, Willa Cather Scholarly Edition. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 2003. 190-201. Print.Skaggs, Merrill Maguire. afterward the World Broke in Two The Later Novels of W illa Cather. Charlottesville University Press of Virginia, 1990. Print.The Professors House. cyclopaedia Of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition. 1998. 1-2. Literary Resource Center. Web. 26 April 2012.forefront Ghent, Dorothy. Willa Cather. Willa Cather Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. 71-73. Print.Wilson, Anna. Canonical Relations Willa Cather, America, and The Professors House. Texas Studies in Literature and Language (2005) 61-74. Literature Reference Center. Web.Woodress, James. Willa Cather A Literary Life. University of Nebraska Press, 1987. Print.. Willa Cather Her Life and Art. New York Pegasus, 1970. Print.

Miami Film Noir :: Film Cinema Movies

MIAMI NOIRWe have much to learn from Mike Davis, CITY OF QUARTZ (Vintage, 1992) who discusses the stupid effects that the representations of Los Angeles in hardboiled novels and their translation into film noir cinema had on the protrude and myth of that city.Together they radically reworked the metaphorical figure of the city, using the crisis of the ticker class (rarely the workers or the poor) to expose how the dream had become nightmare. . . . It is hard to misinform the damage which noirs dystopianization of Los Angeles, together with the exiles European intellectuals living and working in L.A. denunciation of its fashion urbanity, inflicted upon the accumulated ideological capital of the regions boosters. Noir, often in illicit shackle with San Francisco or New York elitism, made Los Angeles the city that American intellectuals love to hatred (although, paradoxically, this seems only to increase its fascination for postwar European intellectuals). As Richard Lehan has em phasized, plausibly no city in the Western world has a to a greater extent negative image. . . . It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the paramount bloc of cultural conflict in Los Angeles has always been about the construction/ explanation of the city myth, which enters the material landscape as a design for hypothesis and domination (Davis, 20-21).Miami, most notably in the works of Elmore Leonard and Charles Willeford, and in the television system series MIAMI VICE, has received more or less of the same treatment, belatedly, or in a post- or neo- noir modality of the writing style. . As Davis noted, noir was like a transformational grammar turning all(prenominal) charming ingredient of the boosters arcadia into a sinister equivalent (38). We need to separate out those aspects of this noir/booster conflict that are generic and those that are proper(postnominal) to Miami. Boosterism is a fundamental feature of Miamis existence. The same paradoxes of attraction are an a lpha part of Florida tourism. However, noir carries with it a state of caput, an atmosphere and mood, that are specific to the genre and may or may not have anything to do with the affectionateness of place specific to our zone.In any case, we should keep in mind that a book about the mythical America of crime writers includes some discussion of the Miami River setting. The Interviewer, John Williams, spoke with James Hall, author of the hard-boiled weep LINE, as they rode in Halls boat on the bay near the rivers mouth.

Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Each year millions of battalion in the United States are affected by sombre and sometimes life-threatening feeding disorders. The vast majorities are adolescents and young handsome women. Approximately one percent of adolescent girls develops anorexia nervosa, a dangerous insure in which they atomic number 50 literally starve themselves to death. Another two to tether percent develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of prodigal over take followed by vomiting or other " purging " airs to control their weight. These eating disorders also occur in men and older women, besides much less frequently. The consequences of eating disorders can be severe. For example, one in ten anorexia nervosa leads to death from starvation, cardiac arrest, or suicide. Fortunately, increasing awareness of the dangers of eating disorders, sparked by medical studies and extensive media coverage, has led many people to assay athletic supporter. Nevertheless, some people with eating disorders ref use up to admit that they have a problem and do not get treatment. Family and friends can help avow the problem and encourage the person to essay treatment. Anorexia nervosa is a disorder where people intentionally starve themselves. It ordinarily starts around the time of puberty and involves radical weight loss. Sometimes they must be hospitalized to prevent starvation because regimen and weight become obsessions. For some, the compulsiveness shows up in strange eating rituals, some even collect recipes and prepare gourmet feasts for family and friends. Loss of periodical menstrual periods is typical in women with this disorder and men with this disorder usually become impotent. People with bulimia nervosa consume large amounts of food and thusly rid their bodies of the excess calories by vomiting, abusing laxatives or exercising obsessively. Some use a combination of all these forms of purging. Many individuals with bulimia " binge and honk " in secr et and maintain usual or above normal body weight, they can often successfully hide their problem from others for years. As with anorexia, bulimia typically begins during adolescence. The condition occurs most often in women exclusively is also found in men. Many individuals with bulimia, do not seek help until they reach their thirties or forties. By then, their eating behavior is deeply ingrained and more difficult to change.Medical complications can frequentl... ... again.Family members and friends can call local hospitals or university medical centers to find out near eating disorder clinics and clinicians experienced in treating the illnesses, for the college students, treatment programs may be available in school counseling centers.Family and friends should read as pulp as possible about eating disorders, so they can help the person with the illness understand his or her problem. Many local genial health organizations and the self help groups provide free literature on ea ting disorders. Some of these groups also provide treatment program referrals and tuition on local self-help groups. Once the person gets help, he or she ordain continue to needs lots of understanding and encouragement to stay in treatment.NIMH continues its search for new and better treatments for eating disorders. Congress has designated the 1990s as the " ten-spot of the Brain, " making the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of all brain and mental disorders a depicted object research priority. This research promises to yield even more hope for patients and their families by providing a greater understanding of the causes and complexities of eating disorders.

Symbols and Subversion in 13 Happiness Street Essay -- 13 Happiness Str

13 Happiness Street is a political satire which relies mostly on the subversion of stuffy tokens to convey its message. By subversion, I nasty the process by which Bei Dao uses unconventional meanings of conventional symbols to undermine accepted literary norms. That is, he offers in place of the common associations of a symbol, another symbolic association that draws its meaning from the context of the narrative. Indeed, the very meaning of the narrative is couched in the language of metaphors and symbols. It is here that the reason constructs a narrative using conventional symbols which play upon and also against the readers expectations. Before we examine the means by which the author subverts the archetypal notions of symbols, it is first imperative to understand how these symbols stand in relative to the narrative and the reader.Symbols find their place within a narrative done a conscious desire of the author to create a ideal of meaning, while the reader on the other h and, attempts to re-construct these meanings by drawing upon conventional associations with events. Conventional symbols are thus internalized in our mental consciousness and associated with what we render to be their predisposed meanings. That is, our minds works to form preconceived mental pictures of what these symbols should universally represent. 13 Happiness Street is thus a narrative that gains often of its significance through the subversion of conventional symbols against our expectations.The subversion of the archetypal symbol takes place within various levels of the narrative, the first being the immediate stage of the narrative itself, and the second being the symbols within the narrative. I shall first discuss how Bei Dao subv... ...the dichotomy between the said and the implied. On the surface, it may seem to be a story that ends inconclusively about a boy who is neer found, but the use of multifarious symbols each bringing with them a pull of other meanings con tributes to the symbolic richness of his prose.Works Cited Bei Dao, 13 Happiness Street. coeval Literature of Asia. Ed. Arthur Biddle et al. Blair Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. 280-291.Chatman, Seymour, Existents. Story and Discourse Narrative twist in Fiction and Film. Ithaca Cornell UP, 1978. 107-126, 131-145.Todorov, Tzvetan. Two Principles in Narrative. Genres in Discourse. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 27-30.Holden, Philip. Aristotle on temporary hookup. 26 Nov. 2000. University Scholars Programme. 1 Aug. 2001 http//www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/literature/ccla01/aristotleplot.html.

Benefits of the WNBA :: Women Sports Essays

Benefits of the WNBAAlthough gloss IX states than, no person in the United States, on the buns of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to any discrimination... it does not guarantee that people will carry this come out. After the issuing of prenowork force IX, umteen women in sports wished to step forward and be recognized. Part of the wisdom they wanted was to be intromitd in National Sports Associations like the mens National Basketball Association. Eventually their cries were heard, and sports associations like the NBA agreed to merge and include women. Becoming included was an eye opening experience to many of these women and they arrive at faced (and still do) doubts and discrimination from the public, precisely along the way they pitch also reaped benefits they would not have if the merger had never taken place. cognomen IX was the stepping-stone for mergers and sports, but immediately after the merging took place, women were fully discriminated against. When men and womens sports combined, it opened new administrative positions for women, but what these women found were that they were constantly beingness pushed down to the bottom of the pile, to the least authoritative positions. Men were the take coaches, and the head of the material education departments Men nonionic the teams schedule for the season and organized practice hours. Also, male sexist attitudes ensured that male rather than female acrobatic directors and heads of physical education departments were almost automatically appointed to direct unified departments (Hult p.96) This male over female preference continued right up to today. As of 1992 there are more men in administrative sports positions than women. Women have been acting basketball for over a century in the first place the Womens National Basketball Association came into existence. It was here at Smith College where many women got their first taste of the game. Women were described as having a masculine military operation style... rough and vicious play... worse than in men (Hult 86). This aggressive playing style had to be modified because the violence and rough-housing that was going on were bonny intolerable. Eventually the Official Womens Basketball Rules were modified in that there was no dribbling allowed on the court at all, players were not allowed to make physical contact with each other and women were not allowed to grab the ball out of another womens hands. Of course over the next century the game evolved, but womens basketball seemed to be submerged under mens basketball.

Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman Essay -- Walt Whitman on Democracy

Walt Whitman is possibly one of the outdo examples of an artist who drew no distinctions between art and enculturation. To Whitman art is culture, and culture is history. His role as an artist essential then be as such manifesting himself as a representative of the America masses, or express himself as America personified. He saw democracy as an inseparable place of Americaness. However, the America he lived in was desperately fractured amongst differing factions with different opinions on the explanation of democracy. Regardless, Whitman did not see the problems of his day as a roundabout versus bottom, bottom versus top issue (no entendre intended). But, rather, an issue that exploded out of all(prenominal) orifice of American life.Ernesto Guevara spoke of love and conflictLet me say, with the take a chance of appearing ridiculous, that the true revolutionary is guided by strong feelings of love. It is unsufferable to think of an authentic revolutionary without this qualit yOur vanguard revolutionaries must view their love for the people, for the most hallowed causes, and make it one and indivisibleThey must struggle every day so that their love of living humankind is transformed into concrete deeds, into acts that will serve as an example as a mobilizing factor. (Minogue, 33).Ezra Greenspan explains that most contemporary criticism falls into one of cardinal camps that be separated by two major historical events. He explains that there is a Cold war generation who tended to focus on what they perceived to be the unrestrained freedom of the self (143) and that there is the post-Vietnam War generation who argue that Whitmans attempts to celebrate modern freedom are compromised and complicated by the immersion of author, subject and t... ... on the battlefield, however, they return to the sodding(a) mother in which they again convene and become an even more(prenominal) physical manifestation of a collective as they combine into the geographics o f America in unseen essence and odor of surface and grass, centuries therefrom (396).Works CitedGreenspan, Ezra, and Walt Whitman. Walt Whitmans Song of Myself A Sourcebook and Critical Edition. New York u.a. Routledge, 2005. writeMinogue, Kenneth. Che Guevara. The New Left. New York Library, 1971. 17-48. Print.Pascal, Richard. Walt Whitman and Woody Guthrie American Prophet-Singers and their People. journal of American Studies 24.1 (1990) 41-59. Web. Apr. 2012.Press, H. The empirical Basis of Marxism. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 37.3 (1977) 331-344. Web. Apr. 2012.Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. New York Bantam, 1983. Print.

Invisible Man Essay: Ellisons Influences and Inspirations

Ellisons Influences and Inspirations for Invisible military man All authors draw upon past experiences, people they have known, shoot fors they have been, as well as their own philosophy of life to write. Ralph Ellison, in his bear Shadow and Act refers to this process when he writes, The act of writing requires a constant plunging back into the shadow of the past where time hovers ghostlike (xix). In preparing to write his novel he notes that, details of old photographs and rhymes and riddles and childrens games, church services and college ceremonies, working jokes and political activities observed during my prewar long time in Harlem- all in all fell into place (xxvii). While the novel Invisible Man is not autobiographical, the plot, settings, characters, themes, and point of vox populi show the influence of people, places, and stories from his childhood. A case in point is the plot of Invisible Man. The plot is divided into three main divisions Invisible Mans civiliz e days, his involvement with the Brotherhood, and what happens to him during the Harlem race riot. Ellison draws heavily on his years spent at the Tuskeegee Institute for the first part of the novel. Jack Bishop, in his book Ralph Ellison maintains that all of Invisible Mans college days are based on Ellisons own days at Tuskeegee (45). Most critics agree that the Brotherhood is a euphemism for the commie political party which was active in the US from the beginning of the 1920s. In an article empower Communist Party of the United States in the Encyclopedia of African-American goal and History, Robin D. G. Kelly reports that the popularity of the party among Blacks was due to its work to end racism and its sustain of Blac... ...lph. Invisible Man. New York The Modern Library, 1994. ---. Shadow and Act. New York Vintage Books, 1972. Fabre, Michael. Wright Richard. cyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Hill, Robert A. Garvey, Marcus Mosiah. encyclop edia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Kelly, Robin D.G. Communist Party of the United States. Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Lawler, Mary. Marcus Garvey. New York Chelsea dwelling Publishers, 1988. OMeally, Robert G. Ellison, Ralph. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Smock, Raymond W. Washington,Booker Taliaferro. Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Tate, Gayle T. Harlem Riots of 1935 and 1943. Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.