Role of Management in Improving Workplace Safety and Health :: Workplace Health and Safety

The article Role of Management in Improving employment arctic and health (Admin, 2011) points out the importance of keeping the workplace safety and explains the role of Human Resources managers in workplace safety and health maintenance. The Human Resources managers should be more proactive regarding workplace health and safety (Admin, 2011). Although the employers responsibilities regarding workplace safety and health are both ethically and legally undeniable, Role of Management in Improving Workplace Safety and Health makes a critical error by placing those responsibilities entirely on the HR Department. Furthermore, it is not possible to be more proactive because the HR department is not specialized in workplace safety and needs to fulfill other functions within the company. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a government agency that defines and regulates employer responsibility in creating and maintaining a safe and healthy environment for employees. Instead of inspecting, evaluating, and growing solutions by themselves, HR managers are responsible and for following OSHA rules and regulations and keep up with current trends proposed by OSHA.Training Program DevelopmentThe article Role of Management in Improving Workplace Safety and Health claims HR managers should develop proper teach programs to prevent injuries at work and defines the purpose of safety discipline programs as methods of improving the employees performance abilities when it comes to preserving themselves from work-related risks (Admin, 2011). The systematical method of developing training programs is through identifying needs after inspections, accident reports, and discussions with the safety committee, followed by planning, implementation, and improvement evaluation (Admin, 2011). Although these are standard protocols in developing training programs, the article does not mention the people or institutions responsible for actual program development. The in itial blame for low proactivity on the HR department and its impingement on worker safety and health remains unmentioned from the introduction of the article, so it is that natural to assume that the HR department is responsible for carrying out training program development after reading that section.The HR department cannot develop training programs because OSHA and similar agencies specializing in workplace safety are responsible for developing trainings. Furthermore, the HR department cannot even perform the actual trainings because their employees are not authorized to train employees in workplace safety. The HR department is responsible only for providing training for the companys employees, so they can perform work in a safe manner in compliance with OSHA requirements (Michaels, 2010), and they cannot possibly be involved in safety training or safety training program development.

Islam Essay -- Religion Religious Islam Essays

IslamIslam is comprised of three substantive beliefs The belief in God, obeying his good laws, and believing in the after- life story. Submission to God is directly followed by obeying the good standards of everyday life. The Quran makes moral philosophy reign supreme and ensures that the affairs of life, instead of dominated by selfish desires, be regulated by norms of morality. These laws are the standard by which God determines the life of the believers, and the disbelievers on the Day of Judgement. The belief in life after death not only guarantees success in the Hereafter nevertheless also makes this macrocosm full of peace and happiness by making individuals responsible and dutiful in their activities. The Quran lays down a moral system which is the standard by which make do a particular mode of conduct is judged and classified as good or bad. It is not righteous that you turn your faces East or West but it is righteous to believe in God and the Last Day and the Angels, and the Book, and the messengers to spend the rest of your substance, out of love for Him, for you kin, for orphans for the needy, for the steadfast in prayers, and practice regular generosity to fulfill the contracts which you made to be firm and patient in pain or suffering and adversity and throughout all periods of panic. Such are the quite a little of truth, the God-conscious. (2177) To elaborate further, our faith should be true and sincere, we must be prepared to show it in kit and boodle of charity to our fellow-men, we must be good citizens, support social organizations, and our own individual soul must be firm and unshaken in al circumstances. Along with these standards, there is also the five pillars of Islam that is essential to ensure a rewarding after life. These pillars include The belief that Allah is the one and only God, and Mohammad is his prophet Salat five times a day Zakat journey to Meccah Observe fasting ritual during the month of Ramadan. These standards provides a sanction to morality in the love and fear of God, which will impel man to obey the moral law even without external pressures. Through belief in God and the Day of Judgement it furnishes a force which enables a person to adapt the moral conduct with sincerity and devotion straight form the heart and the soul.The Quran explains the Day of Judgement as the day when the whole universe will be destr... ... persistent therein. (2399-104) The scales that this passage refers to is the scales of moral conduct on earth. If one does good deeds on earth, the weight of those deeds are heavier on the Day of Judgement. Evil deeds constitutes less wieght on the scale of judgement. In essence, life on earth is a test for all humans. The more good deeds one accumulates, the divulge the chances are of eternal bliss in the afterlife.The explanation that the Quran gives about the necessity of life after death is what the moral consciousness of man demands. If there is no life after death, the very belief in God becomes irrelevant, or even if one believes in God, that would be an unjust and indifferent God having at once created man and not concerned with his fate. This is not so in Islam. We know through the Quran that God is Just and Merciful. The day of resurrection will be the day when Gods attributes of justice and Mercy will be in full manifestation. God will show his Mercy on those who suffered for his sake, and punish those who cared nothing about God and the after-life. accept in God, obeying His laws, and believing in the after-life is what determines ones fate in the Hereafter.

Blind Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever been completely oblivious to a smirch that is taking place right behind your back? You think that everything is deviation just fine in your perfect little world. You have everything planned show up and it seems to be working out right on track. Then all of a sudden you discover something so devastating that it changes your whole life, and everything you worked at for about a family. This is exactly how I felt when I found out that my girlfriend had been cheating on me. I felt like everything I had worked so hard to establish had been gone, and that I was all alone.My life was going along perfectly. I was in the middle of soccer season. My team was destined for the District Championship, and already claimed the Laurel Highlands Championship. I had an amazing girlfriend, who I cared for a lot, and opinion she cared about me. She was a junior at Westmont, and also played soccer. She was slightly shorter than me with long flaxen hair and beautiful blue eyes. I const antly spending time with her, despite all of my time spent practicing for soccer. My life was focused on her and safekeeping our relationship a happy one. There was not a day that went by that I did not take the time to at least twaddle to her for a while, no matter what I had to do.It was the happiest time of my life. I was a totally different person. I was nicer to everyone, and cared a lot more about what was going on around me. Before my girlfriend I was just a quiet shy kid that did not really talk to anyone. She really helped me to pursue out and talk to people and be a lot nicer person. I was almost certain I finally had a relationship that I thought would last more than just a couple of months. Maybe this would even be the one person I would spend my life with. Thats how crocked our relationship was. I was trying my hardest to make sure that this would be true. For nearly a year, our relationship was amazing. Everything was working out perfectly. We had plenty of time to spend in concert and we were neer really apart. I had just made the choice to come to UPJ meaning that I could be home and spend time with her. I would never make a choice that important, such as a college and my future based on another person, so that had nothing to do with it. Anyway, I would be staying here in the area so we would... ...blind to a situation. Before this had all happened I always used to think, wow, how stupid could someone be to not enjoy that their girlfriend, or boyfriend, is cheating on them. Well, I guess I found out the hard way that it is not that easy to realize what is going on right behind your back.Maybe I knew about it all along, maybe I am really not as blind as I think, maybe I was not clueless to it at all, and I just would not let myself believe that it was really true. How could someone that you care about so much, do something that heartless to you? It is almost unbelievable that a person can be that cruel. I spent a little over a year of my l ife caring and dedicating a great part of my life to this person. However, right behind me for nearly a month my life was drastically changing, and I had no idea of what was to come.When my girlfriend cheated on me, I felt totally blind to the world. I was lost in my own world, and felt completely alone. The worst pure tone I have ever experienced throughout my life was when this happened, and I hope I never have to go through anything like this again.

Definitions of Words Relating to the Sea :: Ocean Marine Life Aquatics Essays

Definitions of Words Relating to the SeaThe Wave MachineThe wave machine is a simulator that depart allow you to create an ocean wave and determine its height. Most ocean waves are formed when the wind blows across the piddles surface. The wave height is determined by three factors wind speed, fetch, and duration.Wind SpeedIn 1805, Sir Francis Beaufort, observing the effects of wind speed upon the sea, devised the Beaufort Wind Scale. Though wind speed is not the scarcely factor in determining wave size, the Beaufort scale remains a tool for seafarers to this day. Wind speed is measured in KNOTS. (1 knot is equal to 1.151 mph, or 1.852 kilometers per hour). captureFetch measures the area of open water over which wind blows. Like wind duration, the distance waves travel has a significant impact upon their size. Fetch is measured in NAUTICAL MILES. (1 nautical mile is equal to 1.151 miles, or 1.852 kilometers). Wind DurationWind duration reflects how long the wind has blown in the s ame direction. Even at slower speeds, stead winds can create higher and more powerful waves than those resulting from brief, strong gusts.Wave TypesCapillary wavesThe smallest waves created when the wind blows acroos a smooth water surface. Friction between the air and water molecules results in the creation of these small ripples, which are less than .7 inches long.Shallow-Water WavesWind generated waves that travel in water shallower than one-twentieth of their wavelength.Deep-Water WavesWind generated waves that travel in water deeper than one half of their wavelength.SwellA swell is formed when waves move away from the storm or generating area and become more regular. Waves exhibit longer periods and rounded crests, creating a uniform pattern on the ocean surface.Rogue waveA scamp wave is an unusually large wave caused by combining the heights of waves that meet simultaneously.

1960s Counter Culture and its Saga Essay -- Sixties Culture USA Histo

1960s Counter Culture and its SagaAfter the assassination of President lav F. Kennedy, Americas hope for Camelot fades and life began to look a little more complicated. Congress deemed President Lyndon Johnsons Great Society implausible as Johnson backed the country into a war that was not ours. Then, while many Americans began to realize that the War in Vietnam could not be won, there was major public outcry about remainder our involvement in a war for the first cadence in the countrys history. The liberals in the country failed to reach the working class, and President Richard Nixon, a conservative, ascended to the Office as a champion of the silent majority. While the government was slogging our country through devastating affairs, the nicety of the times was reinventing itself. Due to various movements, such as the elegant Rights Movement in the South, the Feminist Movement, and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement, Americans, especially energetic young citizens, began to lear n that there was ground to be gained from being pro-active. Out of this feeling of curtain raising and need of young adults to be recognized by the government came the 1960s counter assimilation.Too many factors figure into society to pinpoint one as the reason for the counter cultural revolution. Still, one of the major factors that contributed to the counter culture was the folk, rock, and acid music of the 1960s. The music also serves as a way to ornament and explain the 1960s counter cultural phenomenon. Each variation of the music genre contributed to the way that Americans felt about themselves, their government and their society. As mindless drivel, according to far-famed historian John McMillian, bombarded the airwaves and rose to number... ...al rebellion. Instead, they took the movement out of the counter culture and made the struggle about telling the government to basically leave them alone. If they cherished to do drugs, the government should let them since it is their own bodies. If Jim Morrison wanted to masturbate onstage, he is affecting nothing besides his body, counter culturalists would argue. Therefore, in contrast to descriptions of the counter culture as a movement, it was really an outpouring of emotions of a group of people who wanted to either have their rights recognized or left alone. The counter culture decided that if the government cared little enough about them to send their peers into the Vietnam War, they should not have a say in how each person treats their mind and body. Musicians of the time helped clarify their message and reflected the message in their lyrics and actions.

1960s Counter Culture and its Saga Essay -- Sixties Culture USA Histo

1960s Counter Culture and its SagaAfter the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Americas apply for Camelot fades and life began to look a little more complicated. Congress deemed President Lyndon Johnsons Great Society implausible as Johnson backed the country into a war that was not ours. Then, while many Americans began to realize that the War in Vietnam could not be won, there was major public outcry about ending our betrothal in a war for the first time in the countrys history. The liberals in the country failed to reach the working class, and President Richard Nixon, a conservative, ascended to the Office as a champion of the silent majority. While the government was slogging our country through devastating affairs, the culture of the times was reinventing itself. Due to various movements, such as the Civil Rights gallery in the South, the Feminist Movement, and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement, Americans, especially energetic young citizens, began to learn that th ere was ground to be gained from being pro-active. Out of this feeling of possibility and contain of young adults to be recognized by the government came the 1960s counter culture.Too many factors figure into society to pinpoint one as the actor for the counter cultural revolution. Still, one of the major factors that contributed to the counter culture was the folk, rock, and acid music of the 1960s. The music also serves as a way to illustrate and rationalize the 1960s counter cultural phenomenon. Each variation of the music genre contributed to the way that Americans felt about themselves, their government and their society. As mindless drivel, according to noted historian John McMillian, bombarded the airwaves and rose to number... ...al rebellion. Instead, they took the movement out of the counter culture and made the struggle about telling the government to basically leave them alone. If they wanted to do drugs, the government should let them since it is their own bo dies. If Jim Morrison wanted to masturbate onstage, he is affecting nothing besides his body, counter culturalists would argue. Therefore, in contrast to descriptions of the counter culture as a movement, it was really an outpouring of emotions of a group of people who wanted to either have their rights recognized or left alone. The counter culture decided that if the government cared little enough about them to send their peers into the Vietnam War, they should not have a say in how each person treats their mind and body. Musicians of the time helped explicate their message and reflected the message in their lyrics and actions.

A Philippine Hero

I. for my part, eat up d nonpareil everything possible to avoid it, although at the cost of many rights uselessly sacrificed My g everywherenment can not remain preoccupied in view of the violent and aggressive seizure of its territory by a nation which has arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations. Thus my government is given up to open hostilities if America attacks the Visayas. Upon their heads be all(a) the blood which may be shed. Emilio Aguinaldo Proclamation, Malolos, January 5, 1899In Larry Henares program, some of the panelists -staunch admirers of Aguinaldo- expressed the oft-repeated view that the general rated to achieve greatness in the eyes of Filipinos simply because he lived too long. He didnt die young, in the flower of youth, like Jacinto, or in some twilight of the gods manner, like Bonifacio. He wasnt martyred, like Rizal, and he didnt die, penurious and neglected, like Mabini. He simply lived on, and on, until he became something like an an tiquated relict fit for gawking at, but not for reverence. Poor, unheralded man.No one ever do it clear if anyone asked Aguinaldo if thats what he felt. I would think that Aguinaldo was exceedingly fortunate to have lived so long. He outlived many of his friends, but he likewise outlived all of his enemies. He was reviled during his lifetime -in some cases, because he involved himself in politics and thus made himself fair game- but he lived to see liberty day moved to June 12. Isnt having lived long enough to be told of that change an exquisite achievement? And throughout his life, he had the loyalty and devotion of the those who belonged to the League of the Veterans of the Revolution.The things held against him, the sordid Tejeros collection -one professor of history has pointed out that there were more votes cast than there were actually people to cast them- which led to the eventual execution of Bonifacio, and the assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna which was a great blow to the military viability of the forces of the Republic, may forever bar him from reaching the same exalted place in the affections of the Filipino people. They will always stamping ground him. But they do not, I think, diminish his greatness at all.The power struggle -a naked coup dtat, some have called it- that led to Bonifacios downfall does benefit for sickening reading. And his execution was a vile end for a patriot. But is such indignation over this, warranted? Do people get upset over this because, in reality, they are applying quasi-religious morality to a subject that should be divorced from it? Why should standards befitting religious sainthood be applied to secular chivalry? Must you be redeeming(prenominal) (in the way people like Fr. Nudas would define it) to be a hero? A hero for a secular plain?When Bonifacios competence to hold the portfolio of the department of the Interior was questioned by Daniel Tirona, the Supremo, indignant, demanded a retraction. He failed to get it. Furious, he declared the proceedings null and void, and left. NCC Chairman Laurel recounted with congratulate on Henares program how his grandfather, Sotero, head of the Batangas delegation at Tejeros, and a Bonifacio supporter, reacted to the uproar that followed. He called for lambanog. He drank, pulled out his gun, and put it on the table. He demanded that, as they had all agreed to earlier, the decision of the majority be respected.Otherwise, mag ubusan na tayo. The majority sided with Aguinaldo. Bonifacio (or, depending on how you see it, Aguinaldo) had thrown down the gauntlet. As Sotero Laurel might have put it then, matira ang matibay. Aguinaldo won, obviously. The thing is, in a revolutionary situation, extreme situations call for extreme measures. You cant dilly-dally and sort things out and massage egos while the enemy tries to start you all . Every revolution everywhere has been marred with competing factions, many of whom act out of less-than-noble motives . In the end, one group must prevail, one destiny achieved.The Revolution, for good or ill, had its destiny tied to Aguinaldo. While the movement (as Mabini saw it) faltered as a result of the Supremos liquidation, it made it through. It was suspended after biak-na-bato, resumed again, and gave birth to the promulgation made from a window of a house in Kawit on June 12. The proclamation of the Philippines as a free country. The Republic did not prosper. Was it Aguinaldos fault? The fault of the Ilustrados? Did it fail because of competing views and interests within it, divisions that exist to this day in our country and in other countries with similar histories?Left to ourselves, they had as good a chance of eventually workings them out as any other people on earth. But they werent left alone. They were subdued with krag rifles and American tactics. Laudably, the Centennial Commission has made it clear that it is the proclamation and not the substance of independence that will be commemorated in 1998. A proclamation whose aspirations have endured. As have its symbols our flag, our anthem. Aspirations we strove to fulfill in 1946, aspirations every contemporaries tries to fulfill up to the present. Aguinaldo was responsible for that declaration, that flag, that anthem.He gave the nation vessels to contain its soul. We should be able to forgive him for being a flawed man and a poor politician. Again and again, our pantheon of heroes has been besieged by angry mobs, intent on pulling down -or raising up high above the others- the statues of great Filipinos. We, who should, as befits a supposedly democratic and liberal state, find nothing wrong or ignoble in having our heroes stand side-by-side, remain obsessed with establishing heroic hierarchies, as though the leaders we revere were petty princelings subject to Byzantine rules of precedence. Are we a people unworthy of heroes in the first place?

High school Violence Essay

Violence is clustered within a relatively sm every last(predicate) percentage of locations, with virtually 60 percent of the violence occurring in 4 percent of the schools. This is about four measure spunkyer than would be expected based on national order of villainy. High schools are sort by the nature and level of iniquitys occurring in the school. Four patterns emerge from this grouping 1) No Crime, 2) Isolated Crime, 3) Moderate Crime and 4) furious Crime.High Schools in individually group are described in terms if their student population characteristics, community characteristics, and school violence prevention efforts. The results indicate that the characteristics ( size of it, location, socio-economic make-up) of high-violence schools differ markedly from the another(prenominal) schools. High schools with the highest levels of violence tended to be located in urban areas and confound a high percentage of minority students, compares to high schools that inform no c rime to the police.They also tended to be located in areas with high social disadvantage and residential mobility. It should be noted, however, that a relatively large minority of the schools in the Violent Crime group were located in rural areas (36%), so that image if school violence is being solely restricted to central cities is not accurate. harmonize of High Schools has High Rates of Violence Analysis of the P-SDSSV revealed that about one in five high schools describe any serious violent crime (e. g. , fights with weapons, robbery) during the 1996-1997 school years.While this statistic gives a global indication of the prevalence of these crimes, it is difficult to judge from these data whether certain schools are disproportionately more likely to have high levels of violence. As long as the rate of violence in schools is greater than zero, one would expect at least or so schools to have some violence. There are important implications if violence is clustered within a small number of schools. There may be specific problems in these schools that wind instrument to high levels of serious problem behavior.Issues that arise in these environments may not resemble those in schools with lower rates of crimes. Similarly, there may be odd remedies needed to solve these problems. The types of prevention programs and/or activities that are needed to reduce the violent behavior might have to be tailored to these particular environments. data provided in Table 1 provides estimates that measure the extent that violence is clustered within certain schools. These data compare the observed and expected number of high schools that reported a specified number of crimes to the police.As this comparison reveals, if serious violent crime had been evenly distributed across all schools, one would expect that about 45 percent of schools (100%-55%=45%) would have reported having this type of crime. Instead, only about 20 percent (100%-80%=20%) of high schools included in th e P-SDSSV reported this type of crime. In other words, less than half as many schools experienced serious violent crime as expected. About four clock as many schools experienced five or more serious violent incidents as would be expected if crime were evenly distributed across all schools.Similar disparities appear for the other two types of crimes. For attacks without a weapon, approximately 55 percent of the schools reported at least one incident. This was considerably lower than the 88 percent that would have been expected if these incidents were evenly distributed across all schools. for property crime, 67 percent of the schools reported at least one crime, while around 90 percent would have been expected to report this type of crime it were evenly distributed across schools. Table 2 displays an alternative way of looking at the distribution of crime incidents reported to police.This comparison is limited to schools that reported at least one crime. About 60 percent of the vio lence reported on the P-SDSSV occurred within the small number of schools that reported at least five violent crimes, more than seven times high than expected. Similarly, about 14 times more schools than expected reported 26 or more attacks without a weapon (43. 4% observed versus 2. 7% expected). And nearly 42 percent of schools reported 26 or more property crimes, almost 7 times as many as expected based on school size alone.As can be seen from the crime rates for each group, the Violent Crime group has relatively high rates of all types of crimes. It has the most violence, with the highest rates of serious violence and attacks without weapon. It also has high rates of property crime. The Moderate Crime group is distinguished by relatively high rates of attacks without a weapon and property crime rates. The Isolated Crime group has relatively low rates of all three types of crimes. It does have a slightly higher rate of serious violence than the Moderate Crime group. However, the rate for both of these groups is extremely low relative to the Violent Crime Group.

The Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

Based on my research ab adopt to the fore the current Philippine milieual Laws, I form out that it has two parts foremost is the Presidential parliamentary law no. 1586 or the Environmental Impact System which states that no undertakings sh in all be implemented without an Environmental Conformity Certificate ( ECC ) .In order for the authorities to put across out if they are to publish an Environmental Conformity Certificate, an appraisal should be done blither the proposed undertaking s usurpation on the environment. An Environmental Impact Assessment is defined as a process in order to happen out and foretell the impact of proposed undertakings to the state s environment and to thrash forces s well being and health. This appraisal is of import in order for us to happen out the resource allotment for the said undertaking and find the costs associated with environmental preservation. Once the Environmental Impact System has been approved an Environmental compliancy Certif icate may now be given to the case-by-case in charge of the undertaking and he may now continue with the execution of his undertaking. The proof is really of import to hold beca hire it contains the footings and conditions that the individual enforcing the undertaking should follow with. Failure to follow the conditions in the certification may ensue to its suspension or dejectioncellation, the individual behind the undertaking may be subjected to a all right non transc suppressing 50 thousand pesos ( 50,000Php ) . If the undertaking is cleared and is now being implemented or started with, monitoring is normally done to do plastered that they are following with the conditions in the certification and to detect the undertaking s environmental impact. The 2nd atom of the Philippine Environmental Law is the Presidential Decree no. 984 or The Pollution Control Law, this is besides known as the Pollution Control Decree of 1978 is a national policy that is aimed to forestall, avoid, and command pollution of water supply, air, and land for the more effectual use of the resources in the state. This jurisprudence besides contains the demands or necessary criterions need to be followed in order to get a license to construct or enforce a certain undertaking that does non in any musical mode affect the environment negatively. It besides contains the commissariats if of all time there are punishments. Presidential Decree 984 focal points on foremost, the reasonably Air Act of 1999 which is a policy and plan to keep the air quality in the state. This is to convey all the citizens to collaborate and exercise an attempt to clean the air we breathe, and whoever exit go against this act testament be subjected to pay. The act chiefly focuses on bar instead than control, chiefly because if we can forestall slightlything bad from go oning so it will be less onerous in the close hereafter. Pr up to nowting farther harm to the stratospheric ozone bed is an illustratio n of this. This act sets criterions for beginnings of nomadic air pollution, those coming from vehicles like autos, trucks, pertly waves, coachs, jeepneys, trike, and bikes. Smoke tonss from industrial houses like hotels, power workss, and other geniuss are besides closely monitored. Aside from those mentioned, smoke, combustion of refuse, and dust from building are included. Second is the Clean wet Act of 2004, records say that every bit early as 1996 some(prenominal) trials were conducted and consequences showed that merely 51 % of rivers in our state are still use fitting, and the staying 49 % were already polluted due to domestic and industrial activities. That might non sound that much large of a trade until you realize that 31 % of all illnesss come from imbibing or contact with dirty/polluted Waterss, diseases like cholera, amebiasis, swamp fever etc. Republic Act no 9275 or the Clean Water Act of 2004 purposes to protect the clean and staying organic structures of H2O w e have left from pollution caused by discharges from human activities, mills in the industry, and other land ground beginnings. It besides states that all proprietors of companies or anyone who discharges sewer water are required to acquire a license from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) or the Laguna Lake development Authority, all companies or industries that discharge effluent and are in operation even with the said license will hold to pay a effluent charge in order to deter the companies from dispatching effluent and choose to put in cleaner production and pollution control engineerings, this will attend disparage the figure of pollutants generated and discharged. Third is the Solid violent Management or Republic Act No. 9003, this act talks about a legal twirl on how our state can hold a systematic and ecological real waste direction system that will assist in tutelage and protecting the environment and the plurality s health. This act be sides leads plans for minimising waste, and cognizing how to decently dispose of our refuse, it advices the people to follow the three R s of Solid Waste Management Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Segregation is besides compulsory in the undermentioned countries families, establishments, industrial installations, commercial/business constitution, and agricultural countries. They besides prohibit unfastened combustion of solid wastes to avoid farther harm to the ambiance and pollution to the air. Last is the Act to Control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes or Republic Act No. 6969, they have several policies listed, one is to modulate, bound, and prohibit importing, fabrication, processing, sale, distribution, physical exercise, and dispose of chemical substances this is done so that we can avoid unreasonable hazard to the people s wellness and of class to the environment, following is to forbid entry and most particularly disposal of risky wastes to the Philippines ter ritorial bounds and in conclusion, to carry on research on toxic chemicals and risky wastes.How are Hotel and Tourism Management pupils affected by the Environmental Laws?After reading a batch of things about the environmental Torahs in the Philippines I am now more aware of my milieus and the things that need to be done in order to hold a safe and clean topographicalal point to populate in. Having cognition about the jurisprudence is ever a good thing because we become more careful in our actions. Some people are merely non that knowing about certain environmental issues that s why they tend to care less. Hotel and Tourism pupils are affected by these Torahs because we will be working in an industry that is really broad and huge, everyplace we go there is ever adjustment and nutrient, which means that we can get downward by using what we ve learned sing the environment to our workplace, non to advert that hotels and tourers are a immense portion of our state s economic system, w e can do a immense impact because our industry is good known and is all over the universe, it will be our occupation as cognizant pupils or rising employees to assist in using or implementing ways on how we can assist avow the environment clean and at the same range provide quality service to all our invitees. Our class besides deals with functioning and holding contact to people that avail our merchandises and services, we can assist these people contribute to the wellness of our milieus by puting an illustration for them and supplying service that non merely is exceeding but besides environment friendly. If we are lucky plenty to go directors or even proprietors of our ain hotels or travel bureaus someday, so we can put ends and policies in our ain constitutions that comply with the environmental Torahs, without compromising our chief end which is to function our invitees good.How can hotel and touristry concerns help better the current environmental state of affairs?We are pre sently confronting a batch of environmental issues in our state, from dirt erodings, winking floods, vanishing H2O beginnings, and air pollution to improper refuse disposal, illegal logging, and nutrient toxic condition caused by chemical wastes. These are merely some of the legion(predicate) jobs our state is confronting today, as pupils and future employees to the industry of Hospitality and Tourism we can assist in confronting the current environmental issues by implementing certain protocols and policies in our work topographic point. Installing H2O metres in every section ( if possible ) for illustration, is a good manner to supervise the constitution s H2O ingestion, by making so we can find the monthly H2O ingestion and cost of our workplace, if we are cognizant of this we ll cognize what section consumes excessively much H2O and necessary action will be taken instantly. Water salvaging devices like flow regulators, H2O flow detectors, and low flower lavatories are mere ly some of the things we can set in our comfort suites and kitchens to do certain that blowing H2O is at a minimum, and if observed exhaustively, no wastage at all. Leaks because of hapless plumbing is besides a cause of H2O wastage in a batch of places and edifices, we must on a regular basis keep plumbing fixtures to do certain that no leaks will come up. Monthly review for trickles and leaks in the constitution should be done be it at hotels, resorts, or eating houses. With respects to the kitchen/ nutrient and Beverage Department, utilizing of dish washers should merely be done during the cheque out of the invitees and rinsing of little kitchenware should be done by manus with the usage of antibacterial drug soap, to assist conserve H2O. Electricity is one thing that our industry consumes a batch, we use this to power up large hotels and casinos, aid elegant eating houses operate, and maintain the sense of holding recreational topographic points like subject Parkss, neverthele ss, despite the benefits we get from utilizing electricity, merely a few of us recognize its importance. Electricity is acquired by change overing energy released from firing fossil fuels, as consumers continue to utilize immense sums of electricity every twenty-four hours it s really likely that all the fossil fuels around the universe will shortly run out. Conserving energy in our places and concern constitutions can assist continue fossil fuels, for illustration, put ining electricity metres in every section to supervise monthly energy ingestion to avoid increasing electric measures will hold a immense impact given the fact that a batch of hotels, resorts, and eating houses use a batch of electricity. Using energy efficient contraptions and visible radiation bulbs in gritty ingestion countries, and turning them off when non in usage can besides be done to avoid high energy ingestion. For resorts and hotel room, they can utilize solar panels to heat H2O for the invitees, by mak ing so this can salvage up to 40 % of energy cost. Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants produce big sums of solid and liquid wastes these wastes end up dispersing in the environment due to hapless or unequal waste direction and handling, therefore it is a must to implement schemes and plans to minimise wastes and to use the three R s cut down, reuse, and recycle. Segregating wastes is a really basic measure in waste direction this is helpful to the environment because if we are able to find the biodegradable 1s from the non biodegradable so we can find the scoop manner to safely dispose of the waste. If we are buying merchandises that we need to run our constitution, the first thing we should maintain in head is to take merchandises that are least polluting and most sustainable, by making so we can avoid the hazard of lend to the pollution in our state, and because it s sustainable we can profit from it for a longer period of clip without holding to dispose the merchandise after seve ral utilizations, therefore assisting minimise wastage in our constitution. In eating houses or other nutrient constitutions, alternatively of utilizing disposable containers like Styrofoam which non merely takes a long clip to break up but can besides hold negative effects to our wellness, they can utilize reclaimable lid containers that are really environment friendly and can be reused. Hotel s purchase immense sums of detergents, bleach, and other chemicals used in the wash and lavatory country, if possible they should roll up the eject chemical containers and direct them back to the maker so that it can be used once more alternatively of stacking up bottles of detergents etc. and merely throwing them anyplace, or worse some people even burn them, aside from this they can merely replenish the bottles alternatively of purchasing new 1s. They can besides assist salvage the trees by commanding the use of paper in their offices and places, for illustration, if possible they can mere ly utilize electronic mail to direct paperss from one constitution to another, alternatively of publishing them out. For used or scrap paper, recycling the back side can besides assist in cut downing the usage of clean, fresh paper. We should besides avoid the usage of aerosol sprays like some air fresheners that damage our ozone bed, taking sprays that do non utilize propellent gas is our best stake. Another really of import thing that hotel, resort, and eating house builders can make is to halt seting up their constitutions in topographic points with natural wildlife and in topographic points where cutting down 100s of trees is necessary merely so they can gain net income.Beginningshypertext transfer protocol //www.livestrong.com/article/160037-what-are-the-benefits-of-saving-electricity/hypertext transfer protocol //www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php? mwi=1830hypertext transfer protocol //www.numbeo.com/pollution/country_result.jsp? country=Philippineshypertext transfer protocol / /www.chanrobles.com/pd1152.htm .UF3MOrLiZKEhypertext transfer protocol //www.chanrobles.com/pd1151.htm .UF3MOrLiZKEhypertext transfer protocol //www.chanrobles.com/legal9.htm .UF27tbLiZKGhypertext transfer protocol //www.energyeducation.tx.gov/energy/section_3/topics/where_does_electricity_come_from/index.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1854-4231/2_005-023.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.ehow.com/info_8543321_classification-biodegradable-nonbiodegradable.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //agreenliving.net/green-tourism-and-how-it-helps-the-environment/hypertext transfer protocol //wiki.answers.com/Q/How_can_we_help_stop_hotels_and_holiday_resorts_damaging_the_environmenthypertext transfer protocol //www.capitalhotelswdc.com/environment_friendly_green_program_policy_capital_hotels_washington_dc.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.ehow.com/info_8543321_classification-biodegradable-nonbiodegradable.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //emb.gov.ph/rNCR/po llutioncontroldecree.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/phil_chp11.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //docs.google.com/viewer? a=v & A q=cache vpe3U1HiT9oJ www.jccipi.com.ph/05cwa.ppt+ & A hl=en & A pid=bl & A srcid=ADGEESjUr5suLfdvFLoJqsvSHg9dlKf9QfuhkpAbK0Mc3ZjVufCwlS61nbyUeIgSmORqYG354wwhqeOWi2roO4ZVENhVPx2sKF__jrvNdB5c715mels7P-bXQbtrSqCzWu-9RVlDUOuS & amp sig=AHIEtbQxlVVVDrEy2EXEKEpa7HuBiudw-ghypertext transfer protocol //www.emb.gov.ph/embgovph/Portals/8/DENR % 20Administrative % 20Order % 20No.81 % 20Series % 202000.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/47810.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/phil_chp11.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //emb.gov.ph/eeid/cwa-english.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.pwp.org.ph/documents/wastewater/PPT_DENR_EMB_2.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.oocities.org/injunred/cleanair.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm

Changes in the Workplace Essay

I believe the work environments brush aside be positive or proscribe on the psychological science wellness and workplace. The work environment has many properties that can move both psychological and corporeal well-being, which is important to understand those aspects of work environments as well as identifying psychosocial characteristics of the workplace, which can affect his or her health. The first step is to create a psychologically workplace, which takes commitment and time to develop a schema to effect changes at the workplaces to improve the health of all employees. For example the choices that each person makes and how the individual treats his or her bodies not only affects the individual health notwithstanding to a fault the individual mental health, which can be carried over to the workplace causing unwanted stress. Also lack of sleep making it hard to concentrate, steamed with the employees, and unable to do his or her daily tasks that the job requires, which can make the workplace more difficult.Unhealthy diet can make the individual dour and unable to complete the job thats needs to be done, as well as mental stress that can cause more health problems. Studies on relationships between health and psychology has plow more establish in recent years because researchers have provided insight into how an individuals psychology and health. Such as the individual personalities, personal relationships, and the individual mental and biological processes are all factor in relation to health psychology, which needs to be considered when trying to maintain or to balance his or her health, is to find the correct balance of treatment choices, such as circumstances or other ersatz that may be adding to the cause of physical health issues. I believe that lifestyle choices that can affect psychology and health in the workplace can be poor diet. For example When an individual chooses to skip breakfast in the morning can have a difficult time concentratin g, or become irritable.The individual may also develop physical symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or nauseas. When the individual becomes irritable, this can lead to lack of communication with other employees as well as loss of production on everyones schedule. I also believe when making poor choices can develop problems that can affect the workplace, also leads to psychological, behavioral, and physical difficulties. To enhance health and prevent illness is to improve his or her allover health, even if the changes aresmall it can make a big difference by enhancing his or her health and to prevent illness.For example having well-balance meals that includes breakfast and a healthy diet can provide energy, which will also lower the risk of certain disease, such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and hypertension. To maintaining a healthy body, and a health weight, is to have a healthy diet and physical activity to decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease, and reducing the hea rt rate. However, taking care of our body is a big step toward frantic and mental health because the mind and the body are linked to each other, and when the individual improves his or her physical health, well the individual will experience greater mental and emotional well-being (Lifestyle to enhance Health and Prevent Illness).

Beneficiation of Iron Ores

These ores ca n be directly use in the pperchuction of compress and steel. All other ores need benefaction and certain membering before they be utilize in t he production of iron and steel. abject grade iron ores cannot be used as such for the production of iron and SST eel and need to be upgraded to reduce its gangue content and increase its Fee content. The process adopted to upgrade the Fee content of air n ore is known as iron ore benefaction (108). However, Iron ores from different sources have their own unexpended mineralogy cal characteristics and require the specific benefaction and teleological treatment to get the best product out of it.Also for effective Ben affectation treatment, effective crushing, grinding, and screening of the ore is unavoidable for which satisfactory crushing, grinding, and SC reining technologies be to be employed. The choice of the benefaction treatment depends on the nature of the gangue present and its association with the ore structure. Several methods/techniques such as washing, jigging, magnetised musical interval, staidness separation, and flotation n etc. Are used to enhance the Fee content of the Iron ore and to reduce its gangue content.These techniques ar used in various combination s for the benefaction of iron ores. For benefaction of a particular iron ore the emphasis is usually to develop a cost effective flow she et incorporating necessary crushing, grinding, screening and benefiting techniques which ar necessary for the upgrading of the iron or e. A typical flow sheet for iron ore benefaction plant is shown in Fig 1. 3/13 Fig 1 A typical flow sheet of iron ore benefaction plant Some of the common methods/ techniques applicable for iron ore touch on are described below.Crushing, grinding and screening technique The purpose of grinding and regrinding is to reduce the ore to a size small en ugh to liberate and recover the priceless minerals. The crushing, grinding and screening schemas of an BI B plant are to be designed t aging into ac enumerate the requirements of the downstream benefaction processes. The crushing units may intromit direct, secondary, t artery and quaternary crushing systems. Jaw, gyrator, cone, and roll crushers are used for ore crushing. Semi toughens grinding and AU toughens grinding circuits are used for grinding the ore.Both rod mills and ball mills are used for this purpose. Capital investment and right action costs of grinding equipment are high. Hence economics impart a large part in planning for the level of crushing and grinding perform d to prepare ore for benefaction. Other factors considered in determining the degree of crushing and grinding includes the value focalise Zion of the ore, its mineralogy, hardness and moisture content. Closed circuit grinding minimizes over grinding of very friable ore normally of unwrap in the ore bodies of our region.The more the recirculation load the less is the over grinding of particles. Washing and wet scrubbing This process is primitive and abundantly used in unshapely iron ore processing to disco edge and remove friable and soft laterality materials, fine materials and limitation clay particles adhering to the ore. Wet scrubbing is alls o useable in hard and porous ores, which invariably have cavity/ pores filled with clayey material that need substantial removal. Gravity separation This technique is used where iron bearing minerals are free from associated g angle materials.The specific gravity of iron bearing minerals is usually higher than the specific gravity of gangue materials. military strength e efficiency of the gravity separation depends largely on to proper crushing and sizing of the ore so as to ensure a proper size yield to the gravity separation equipment and also removal of slime from the equipment. A large identification numbers of equipment/ processes functioning on gravity separation principle are available. Some of t hem are described below. Dense me dia separation -? The process is also known as heavy media separate on. The process is used for coarse ores (size swan mm to 50 mm.Ground ferry silicon of 300 mesh size is used as suspension to cream et a parting density of 33. 2 which is sufficient for angle materials to float and get separated. The suspension material is recover reed by using low intensity charismatic separators (LIME). Feed for the dense media separation must be hard and compact with non poor us gangue material. Heavy media cyclone The process is used for iron ore fines with size range o f 0. Mm to 6 mm. The cyclone type separator utilizes centrifugal as well as gravitational forces to make separation between ore an d gangue material.Ground Frederickson of 325 mesh size is used as a media in cyclone. Jigging Jigging is a gravity concentration technique where the iron ore is seep rated into easy density fraction, strong suit density fraction and heavy density fraction. Size fraction of the iron ore used for g ig Eng is 0. 5 mm to mm. Http//asparagus. Com/beneficiationofironores/ Spirals Spiral concentrators are flowing scoot separation devices. General pop ration is a continuous gravitational laminar flow down on an inclined surface. The mechanism of separation involves primary and SE secondary flow descriptors.The primary flow is essentially the slurry flowing down the spiral trough under the force of gravity. The sec Andrea flow pattern is radial across the trough. Here the uppermost fluid layers comprising higher density particles move away from t he centre while the lowermost concentrate layers of higher density particles move towards the centre. Spirals require addition of water at various points down the spiral to assist washing of the iron ore, I. E. Transporting away the light gangue from the dense ore. The e amount of wash water and its distribution down the spiral trough can be adjusted to meet the operating requirements.Point count roll minimizes the total water requirement s by efficiently directing water into the flowing pulp at the most effective angle. Feed size app logicality is in the range of 0. 3 mm to 1 mm. Spirals are normally operated at a pulp density of 25 % to 30 % solids. Tables -? Tables have wide range of application in gravity treatment of iron ore s. Tables are normally used in cleanup spot and scavenging circuits. Feed size applicability is in the range of 0. 3 mm to 1 mm. Spirals are n armorial operated at a pulp density of 25 % to 30 % solids.Multi gravity concentrator They are under development stage and are design Ned to treat fines and ultramarine particles Of iron ore. They are useful in processing of valuables from slimes and tails. Cyclones Cyclones used for concentration of iron ores are of several types. T hose include hydrochloric, stub cyclone and heavy media cyclone. Cyclones are cost effective and simple in their construction. The e main part of a cyclone consist of cyclone diameter, the inlet nozzle at the point o f entry into the feed chamber, vortex finder, cyclic medical section and cone section.They have proper geometrical relationship between the cyclone diameter, inlet area, vortex find ere, apex orifice, and sufficient length providing retention time to properly classify particles. As the feed enters the chamber, a rotation Of the slurry inside of the cyclone begins, causing centrifugal forces to accelerate the movement of the particles towards the oh term wall. The particles migrate down in a spiral pattern by dint of the cylindrical section and into the conical section. At this poi NT the smaller mass particles migrate toward the center and spiral upward and out through the vortex finder, discharging through the run out pipe.This product, which contains the finer particles and the majority of the water, is termed the overflow and should be discharged at or near atmospheric pressure. The higher ass particles remain in a downward spiral path along the walls of the conical I section a nd gradually exit through the apex orifice. This product is termed the underflow and also should be discharged at or nee r atmospheric pressure. Magnetic separation Magnetic separation technologies are used to take the advantage Of the differ once in the magnetized properties for separating iron ore from the non magnetic associated gangue materials.Magnetic separation can be condo acted in either a dry or wet environment, although wet systems are more common. Magnetic separation operations can also be categorized as either low or high I density. funky intensity separators use magnetic fields between 1000 to 3000 gauss. Low intensity techniques are normally used on magnetite ore as an tinny and effective separation method. High intensity separators employ fields as strong as 20,000 gauss. This method is u seed to separate weakly magnetic iron ores such as hematite, from nonmagnetic or less magnetic gangue materials.Other factors important t in determining which type of magnetic se parator system is used include particle size and the solids content of the ore slurry feed. Http// asparagus. Com/beneficiationofironores/ 5/13 Typically magnetic separation involves three stages of separation namely (I) c bobbling, (ii) cleaning/roughing and (iii) finishing. Each stage may employ several drums in a series to improve separation efficiency. Each s successive stage works on finer particles as a result of the removal of oversized particles in earlier separations. Cobblers work on larger particles and reject substantial percent of feed as tails.Several types of magnetic separation technologies are used. These are descried bed below. Wet and dry, low intensity magnetic separation (LIME) High gradient magnetic separation (HIGHS) Wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) Roll magnetic separators for processing weak magnetic ores Induction roll magnetic separation (RIMS) for concentrating dry ores Flotation process Flotation process uses a technique where particles o f one mineral or group of minerals are made to adhere preferentially to air bubbles in the presence of a chemical reagent.This is achieved by using chemical reagents t hat that preferentially react with the desired mineral. Several factors are important to the success of flotation activities. These include unify remit of particle size, use of reagent compatible with the mineral, and water conditions that will not interfere with the attachment of the e reagents to the mineral or the air bubble. Today flotation is primarily used to upgrade concentrates resulting from mage entice separation.Flotation to be used all alone as a benefaction method is used rarely. Chemical reagents used are mainly of three main groups namely (I) collectors/ amines, (ii) brothers, and (iii) antifoam. Reagents may be added in a number of forms which include solid, immiscible liquid emulsion a ND solution in water. The concentration of reagents need to be loosely controlled during conditioning since adding mo re reagent than compulsory d retards the reaction and reduce efficiency.

Foster Care Personal Statement

I entered the cheer care system at age 4 delinquent to my birth mothers drug problems. I was immediately adopted to a family of 12 before I could even understand the reality of my own life. It hit vigorous when I was old enough to hark back for myself. I began to notice how emotionally abusive the adoptive mother was. She played me and my junior blood sister against individually other and made sure I knew that I was worth nothing and would never amount to anything. Dealing with such a blood made my preteen years unbearable, I turned to friends at school and the adoptive draw for support and comfort.At age 14 I was place back in the cling to system without a clue as to why. After a long, impenetrable confusing year full of interrogations and mixed feelings, the conclusion was stated. I was in foster care because my adoptive father had sexually abused 4 of my siblings, including my younger sister. This was old news to the adoptive mother, which brought light to the reason wh y she acted the way she did toward me. The find of this left me feeling angry, sad and betrayed all at the same time. To think that someone I confided in and looked up to for 10 years of my life could do such a thing caused me to lose all trust and go for in people.While most teens transitioning to high school focused their mental energy towards unreassuring about their next exam and trying to fit in somewhere, mine included more hardships. I was more focused on trying to fuck comfortably with strangers, and not feeling like a burden to them. A lot of my energy went towards trying to be there for my little sister, someone Ive never had a chance to build a good relationship with in the first place, in a time where I didnt requisite anything to do with relationships.I was focused on things like learning to trust again, judge the things that have happened in my life, and not shutting everyone out of my life. It was in this time figure of speech that I turned to euphony for comf ort. Music has honestly helped me through the spoilt times, and has been the most consistent part of my life. I hope to someday make a career out of this passion. Ferris offers a well-rounded degree in music management. I feel it will help me become very accessible in the music industry. With the help of music, iv come through tough times, and I feel that I can succeed. Im driven to succeed.Foster Care Personal accountI entered the foster care system at age 4 due to my birth mothers drug problems. I was immediately adopted to a family of 12 before I could even understand the reality of my own life. It hit quick when I was old enough to think for myself. I began to notice how emotionally abusive the adoptive mother was. She played me and my younger blood sister against each other and made sure I knew that I was worth nothing and would never amount to anything. Dealing with such a relationship made my preteen years unbearable, I turned to friends at school and the adoptive father fo r support and comfort.At age 14 I was place back in the foster system without a clue as to why. After a long, hard confusing year full of interrogations and mixed feelings, the conclusion was stated. I was in foster care because my adoptive father had sexually abused 4 of my siblings, including my younger sister. This was old news to the adoptive mother, which brought light to the reason why she acted the way she did toward me. The discovery of this left me feeling angry, sad and betrayed all at the same time. To think that someone I confided in and looked up to for 10 years of my life could do such a thing caused me to lose all trust and hope in people.While most teens transitioning to high school focused their mental energy towards worrying about their next exam and trying to fit in somewhere, mine included more hardships. I was more focused on trying to live comfortably with strangers, and not feeling like a burden to them. A lot of my energy went towards trying to be there for m y little sister, someone Ive never had a chance to build a good relationship with in the first place, in a time where I didnt want anything to do with relationships.I was focused on things like learning to trust again, accepting the things that have happened in my life, and not shutting everyone out of my life. It was in this time frame that I turned to music for comfort. Music has honestly helped me through the tough times, and has been the most consistent part of my life. I hope to someday make a career out of this passion. Ferris offers a well-rounded degree in music management. I feel it will help me become very accessible in the music industry. With the help of music, iv come through tough times, and I feel that I can succeed. Im driven to succeed.

Advancements in Military Technology Essay

Military applied science is defined as the collection of vehicles, equipment, structures, and communications that are theatrical roled for warfare. Warfare has always pushed second technologies boundaries, from the first tanks to stealth bombers like the B2. Advancements in forces technology keeps the force on the top of their game. Most countries use military technology to dispatch power,wealth, and land, as well as, value their people along with protecting the power, wealth and land that they sustain. Military technology was shtupvasn to become more sophisticated in the gelid war where in technology for military use has greatly increased because of the fear of the Soviet Unions power. This fear had affected our citizens, whom urged our g everywherenment onwards to the development of new modern weapons perpetually since that time. This new technology included a large array of items from communication to weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biologic weapo ns).This new technology is an important part of modern day warfare. With our tax dollars, the military has put forth vital efforts in technology that goes beyond military use and are the source of the current technology in our ordinary lives today. For instance, did you know that it was military technology advancements that helped created the World Wide Web The new advancements in military technology, hold back protected the United States citizens as well as millions of people all over the world. Many countries are relying on the US organisation for their security department. War is no laughing matter and in order to be on alert and ready to protect people on any condition notice, such advancements in technology are necessary. Today we have countries with leaders that are threatening the lives of their citizens, along with the welfare of countries surrounding them. These leaders have rag to weapons of mass destruction. Unfortunately some of these weapons in their hands are resul ts from our militarys technology.However, whether or not it was our governments technology that created such weapons, it is our technology that needs to keep eyes on these leaders and also use weapons to prevent such a tragedy to happen. There will always be a growing need for new military technology. Most people dont understand the significance of advancements in military technology and umpteen believe that it is only used in combat. This is not so, on that point is so much more to thistechnology than fighting. For instance, this technology is used for rebuilding. After war there is clean up. Looking at the destruction that occurred in WWII, one can see the need for advancements to speed up the process of rebuilding fallen countries quickly. We only simply need to look at our impact in Japan after WWII and see what such advancements in technology can do for the radical and well being of that country and many otherwises. If we do look at what the technology has done for society and warfare we can understand the need for an ever increasing need for it. Military technology may be divided into five categories(1) Offensive Arms harm the enemy(2) Defensive weapons ward by disgusting attacks(3) Transportation moves soldiers and weaponry(4) Communications coordinate the movements of armed forces(5) Sensors detect forces and guide weaponry.(1) Offensive Arms. Lets look at current technology in the military offensive arms. As the technology of warfare had developed, the means of defending against ever-changing weaponry have alter dramatically. Our military needs to stand out in this category. Why? Would you want to be in war, or in the least, on the bad side with a military that has the latest advancements in weaponry? Heck no In order for our country to ward off psychopathic leaders we need to show our technology, or the majority of it off. The media and the internet does a great air at this. Looking alone at the three tanks our military technology has r olled out M1A2 Arams Tank, Zumwalt Destroyer, and the PL-01 Stealth Tank, is mindblowingThe use of Adaptiv Stealth Technology is being developed for other military vehicles as well. Stealth in aircraft design will minimize the ways in which aircraft can be detected by intellect or airborne air defense systems. Even small things that you would not see change to, are becoming advanceds. Looking at the modern smoking or the ploy case ammo, one can see that every object is scrutinized for improvement. The rifles being introduced to our soldiers are top of the line. Ones like the modern day dishonour rifle AK47 and the trackpoint Ar-15 are only a few of update and improvements in personnel weapons. One of the latest weapon in development is an electromagnetic railgun launcher. It uses a form of electromagnetic energy known as theLorentz force to hurl a 23- pound projectile at speeds exceeding Mach 7 When it comes to offensive weaponry the military will always be on the cutting edge o f technology.(2) Defensive Weapons. Weapons use for protection our military personnel and civilians is a priority to our government. Although offensive weapons such as tanks, planes, carriers, etc. all have offensive technology within it, lets look at personal protection. Initially, the military worked on ways to protect the soldiers in combat. They needed protection that was durable, lightweight and useful in protecting a life. If we accepted the armor the knights wore and never grew on that technology for body armor, recall our soldiers clumsily piling in a tank or doing maneuvers with that heavy piece of metal slowing them down Now look at what we have today in body armor. The invention of Kevlar keeps our soldiers mobile and protected. Kevlar does not stop at body armor but is used in shelters, gas tanks and other vulnerable items. However, the technology does not stop there. The creation of a product known as liquid armor is the latest in armor protection in development right now.(3) Transportation. Getting our military personnel to their destination quickly and safely is a concern always looked at by our military. Although, we have military personnel all over the world, once a threat is made, they need to move rapidly and safely. After all, the enemy has already scouted the area and has the hurrying hand at the location. They will be looking for miliary to move in and dont doubt for a moment they wont be ready. One of the latest advancements is called The Mule, a computerized control transport vehicle that military personnel can load their equipment on, and know that it will get their equipment to their destination without a hitch over rough terrain.(4) Communications. Communications is vital to any operation and that goes double for warfare. Back in WWII, the US went so far as to use the primarily unknown native tongue of an American Indian tribe to communicate information. As a result it kept the Axis Powers lost in translation. The interception of c ommunication can not be allowed, so the most up to date technology needs to be pressed forward. With the use of computers, hacking has opened up a door of vulnerability. Computer techs are aware of this danger and every new technology developed in their field is tested over and over and new hacking protection is a constant endeavor. Even old school Morse Code is getting ahigh tech twist to it. use it over cell phones and as text messages surpasses QWERTY keyboard speed thanks to an iambic keyer. Future communications may include the use telepathy, halogens and a new internet.(5) Sensors. Sensors are used to detect forces and guide weaponry. Remember the job of a scout? They would move ahead of the army to spy on the opposition ahead and electrical relay it back. Putting human lives at risk to head off to the unknown is being curtailed today by modern day scouts. We call them Drones. Unmanned and somewhat undetected these weapons fly below radar quietly scanning and relay informati on instantaneously to our forces. Then there is the surveillance blimp that can see airborne 340 miles away And lets not forget the satellites that can zoom in on your own back yard. There is also infrared technology that can see below the Earths surface in search of tunnels and underground posts.

Bless Me Ultima Ultima Is a Witch Essay

In the book Bless Me, Ultima, Ultima is an old woman who was invited to stay at our protagonist house, Antonio, to live the remainder long time of her aliveness with the M atomic number 18z family. But there is a controversy to who is Ultima, a beldame or curandera? Ultima war crys herself a curandera, individual who uses herbs and old customs to heal some matchless else, still some people in the book c any her a bruja, which is Spanish for witch. Ultima is called a witch many times in the novel but neither denies nor accepts the accusation.The Author of the book, Anaya Rudolfo leaves us with the question of who genuinely was Ultima, a witch or curandera? In my ofallion I believe that Ultima is a witch. Throughout the novel Ultima shows many characteristics of being a witch and in this undertake I leave show you how Ultima is a witch. First is the relationship between Ultima and the owl. In the book when Ultima moves in with the Marez family, an owl follows. The owl bottomla nd be a symbol of witch and is even said so in the novel, In many cuentos I had heard the owl was one of the disguises a bruja took (pg13).Ultima has a truly strong connection with the owl and is even said that the owl was Ultimas soul or life force. An example of Ultima and the owl being the same person is at the end of the novel when Antonio buries the owl, and after chew we would take her body Ultima to the ceremony in las Pasturas for burial. But that would only be prescribed by custom. Ultima was really buried here. Tonight (pg262). That quotation means that when Antonio buried the owl he was as well as burying Ultima because they shared out souls. If Ultima has the soul of witch then she herself has to be evil.Another evil connection between Ultima and the owl is when in page 134 of the book Ultimas owl rips out Tenorios eye. If Ultima was really a curandera would she really violate a man, when her duty of a curandera was to help and help people? Next are the acts of Ult ima. Ultima shows many witch like personality when she was curing Lucas. First was that she had dolls of the three witches and she had used them like voodoo dolls, and when he voteless on them they seemed to squirm in her hands. I shuddered to see those clay dolls take life.Then she took pinsshe stuck a pin into each doll (pg101). Here Ultima appears to do some evil voodoo ritual. A curandera relies on herbs and character to heal people and not evil voodoo. Second is the fact that she jonahd someone, and what you sought to do will undo you (pg101). Here is where Ultima was removing the curse that was placed on Lucas, Antonios uncle. Ultima does not only remove the curse but sends it back to witches that cursed Lucas. If she was a curandera shouldnt she consent the intents to only heal Lucas instead of also cursing the witches too?Last is the quote You must understand that when anybody, bruja or curandera, priest r sinner, tampers with the indispensableness of a man that sometim es a chain of events is sent into motion over which no one will stupefy crowning(prenominal) control. This happens and it leads to death of Tenorios daughter, enraging him, to kill Narciso. Ultima knew this and it ended up killing a man. Could this have been an evil plot by Ultima? Last is the source of Ultimas powers. The idea of Ultimas powers are brought up in page 93, Toma, Tenorio shouted. He crossed his fingers and held the sign of the cross in front of Ultimas face.She did not budgeEither she was not a bruja, or their way of thinking, she had powers that belonged to the devil himself. It is possible for Ultima to have the powers of the devil because off all the past reasons listed. She has done evil for the reasons show before and now since she can take the cross you can see that she has powers stronger than a witch, or even powers from the devil himself. To further proof of her devil gifted powers you can see from this quote, Would the magic of Ultima be stronger than a ll the powers of the saints and the holy mother church (pg97).Here you can see that Ultimas powers are not of the church and are stronger. Last is the ultimate test that was made in the book. Ultima was given the test to walk through a door that had the planetary house of a cross made by two blessed needles. She successfully goes through the door but with an exception. Everyone goes home thinking she is not a witch, but Antonio finds the needles on the ground. If the needles were on the ground then Ultima could have walked through the door with ease. Ultima could have sabotaged the needles when the idea of the test was first brought on.Her knocking down the needles can install her fear of God and everything holy, saying she is a witch. In conclusion you can see that Ultima is a witch. She has a spiritual connection with an animal that is said to be a witch, which is her owl. Ultima also has the soul of a witch. Ultima has skillful voodoo in the book along with cursing other peop le. Finally her powers are from the devil himself. Because of all the reasons stated I believe that Ultima is a witch in the story Bless Me, Ultima.

Paradoxical Thinking: Maintaining Stability in Changing Environments Essay

pilferPost-recession business trends show companies that survive and continue to develop hand expeditious business models that respond speedily to external trade. Traditionally linear approaches to problem solving such clear-sighted goals models or cause and effectuate sentiment were standard in the employment during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Is cause and effect cerebration going to generate the type of results needed to survive with todays post-recession business kinetics? Complexities of the oeuvre today require Master Managers to think both creatively and critically to drive results. When leadinghip applies infatuated thinking supported by the Competing Values Framework, institutions have opportunities to thrive.Introduction / DefinitionChange and flexibility be seen as substantial components of successful organizations in turbulent environments with strong competition and may be dismantle more important in times of tumultuous crises. Organiza tions need to runfast to slip by up with the numerous and intensive changes taking place in their environments (Steinkellner and Czerny, 2010) Post-recession business trends prove that companies that survive, develop, and grow use agile business models that respond quickly to external changes. Traditionally linear approaches to problem solving such rational goals models or cause and effect thinking were standard in the workplace in the first 25 years of the twentieth century. Is this approach the most effective use of neckments resources today? Complexities of the workplace require Master Managers to think both creatively and critically to drive results. ill-advised thinking is the office to reverse, manipulate, combine, and synthesize opposites (Ravi, n.d.).What exactly is a inconclusive thinking? Its the act of considering two seemingly conflicting or contradictory concepts then harnessing the opposing forces to let on raw possibilities. Paradoxical thinking, if applied e ffectively, toilet produce innovative solutions to meet and possibly exceed organizational goals. While organizational leaders are expect to stabilize organisations, they are also challenged to adjust the existing structural arrangements and patterned behaviors and to ask frame-breaking questions. Managers must confide consistent messages and align strategy with structure, but must never allow the organization to settle into complacency. As soon as balance is achieved, it must be destroyed. Managers must have the cognitive complexity and behavioural flexibility that will allow them to shift from one paradigm to a nonher and thus to effectively manage paradoxes and optimize performance (Belasen, 1998).For example, managers want their organizations to be flexible and adaptive, yet integrated and stable. They want higher congenital efficiency and profitability and also higher employee commitment and morale. The art of managing and leading organizations today lies in embracement inc ompatible forces, preferably than choosing betwixt them. (Belasen,1998). The Competing Values Framework (CVF) is a powerful integrative model that is root in the contradictory criteria of effectiveness that describe managerial lead. Hence, mapping out the repertoire of leadership roles essential to dealing with paradoxes, and assessing and developing requisite managerial competencies are important strategic human resource goals. Assessing sure managerial competenciesand future organizational needs is an important strategic staffing function that can enable return managers to align organizational capabilities with business strategy. The CVF is a powerful theoretical construct with applications that feature supervisory roles and competencies, (Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., and McGrath, M. R., 1996). exercising of a company that demonstrates paradoxical thinkingI work for a global biotech company that develops rapid point-of-care diagnostics. Their products focus on cardiology, infectious disease, toxicology and diabetes. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) audited the company. The FDA found Quality system violations in manufacturing and issued the company a warning letter. In response to this external threat, the companys leadership went full throttle to defend the organization. During the most intense parts of our remediation efforts, the experience seemed chaotic, however with the new understanding of paradoxical thinking, its clear to me that leaderships directives were strategically managed. Cause and effect thinking was not complex enough to respond to the FDAs demands. The work climate immanently was intense as we about followed leaderships imagery. Our organizational shift moved from mainly a Compete quadrant focus, to combine all four quadrants of the Competing Values Framework (Collaborate, tame, Compete and Create).Most of our energy was understandably was expended between the Control and Create quadrants. The co mpanys management energized employees as new cross-functional teams emerged and strove to deliver on new internal and external campaigns to unify us globally. Leadership developed and effectively communicated a new vision shut in around shared values of meeting the FDAs requests, responding to the letter, and releasing quality product back on the market to the patients that needed them. The new shared-vision helped everyone focus on the new, while paradoxically repairing the old. Old processes were scrutinized, evaluated, challenged, and re-evaluated. We had to maintain tame of what we were doing correctly while paradoxically implementing new changes. Management also dealt with the economic paradox of not cosmos able to sell viable product while needing to spend on hiring new talent to research, repair, and touch on the findings in the warningletter.Although the company is still recovering, new internal processes for validating the manufacturing line were eventually implemented and product returned to market. Organizational change, obviously, is often imperative in response to emerging customer demands, new regulations, and uninfected competitive threats. But constant or sudden change is unsettling and destabilizing for companies and individuals alike. Just as human beings pass to freeze when confronted with too many new things in their livesa divorce, a house move, and a change of job, for exampleso will organizations overwhelmed by change resist and frustrate transformation-minded chief executives set on radically overturning the established order (Price, 2012).Can one learn paradoxical thinking?Yes, as tenacious as one is open to change and committed to learning new ways of thinking. Embracing the paradoxes can be uncomfortable its counterintuitive to stimulate change by focusing on boundaries and reckon when a company wants to stir up new ideas. Yet the act of trying to reconcile these tensions helps leaders keep their eyes on all their spinning pl ates and identify when interventions are needed to keep the organization lined up with its top priorities (Price, 2012). Acceptance involves viewing both sides of competing demands as simultaneously possible, even if they are inherently in conflict. By accepting paradoxical demands, leaders recognize them as an fortune and invitation to act, rather than as an obstacle (Smith, W.K., Besharov, M.L., Anke, Wessels, A.K., Chertok, M., A, 2012).Paradoxical thinking as a skill related to intelligence. Why is it least used? Paradoxical thinking breaks norms and pushes the limits of complex argument and logic. Being able to integrate opposing lines of reasoning to synthesize one common result is a high art. Paradoxical thinking is counter-intuitive and results of this thinking sum up change. Barriers to change include fear of mistakes or failure, intolerance of ambiguity, judging or being judged.How management and leadership can utilize paradoxical thinking to improve the organization On ce management has determined how to apply paradoxicalthinking, a shared vision needs to be created and conveyed to the organization to give employees a highroad to follow to reach collective goals. Once individuals grasp a common picture of a sought after future everyone can move towards that improved future-state in unison. A shared vision is a vision that many people are truly committed to, because it reflects their own personal vision. Shared vision is full of life for learning organizations because it provides the focus and energy for learning. (Senge, 1990). Within the Competitive Values Framework, management can take the opportunity to improve the organization by motivating employees, engaging them in new activities to improve performance and vantage them for contributions to change. Leadership can re-structure and revise business process for improved outcomes for customers products and services. Paradoxical thinking can literally re-invent the organization to compete in t he modern economy.Leadership must tell apart with the paradoxical relationship between stability and change to improve the organizations. Conventional managements approach to paradox are characterized by tendencies which encourage polarized, black/white, good/bad thinking. From an analytical perspective four different modes to cope with the paradoxical relationship between stability and change can be found to (1) accept the paradox, keep stability and change separate and use the paradox constructively, (2) separate the poles of the paradox to different locations or levels, (3) temporally separate stability and change, and (4) advance new conceptions through introducing new concepts or a new perspective.Compared with conventional modes, the paradox of stability and change may intertwine and instead of negating and displacing one another, they can mutually fortify each other in a process of renewal (Steinkellner, P.F., and Czerny, E. J., 2010).ConclusionCause and effect thinking hi nders mastery as its linear approach is not complex enough to delve into the dynamics of todays organizational environments. Using paradoxical thinking one can taking two seemingly inconsistent or contradictory concepts then harnessing the opposing forcesto possibly exceed organizational goals. Placing paradoxical thinking into the Competing Values Framework gives organizations the opportunity to explore new alternatives and innovate. Innovation is the key to growth in the business environment.ReferencesBelasen, A. T., 1998, Paradoxes and Leadership Roles. Retrieved fromhttp//www8.esc.edu/ESConline/across_esc/forumjournal.nsf/wholeshortlinks2/Leadership+RolesPrice, C., 2012, Senior executives will better balance people and priorities by embrace the paradoxes of organizational life. Retrieved fromhttp//www.mckinsey.com/insights/organization/leadership_and_the_art_of_plate _spinningQuinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., and McGrath, M. R., 1996, Becoming a master manager A co mpetency framework. Retrieved from http//www8.esc.edu/ESConline/across_esc/forumjournal.nsf/wholeshortlinks2/Leadership+RolesRavi, K. R., Paradoxical Thinking. Retrieved fromhttp//www.krravi.com/paradoxicalthinking.pdfSenge, P., The Learning Organization. 1990 Retrieved fromhttp//infed.org/mobi/peter-senge-and-the-learning-organization/Smith, W.K., Besharov, M.L., Anke, Wessels, A.K., Chertok, M., A ParadoxicalLeadership Model for Social Entrepreneurs Challenges, Leadership Skills,and Pedagogical Tools for Managing Social and commercial Demands. Retrieved fromhttp//www.buec.udel.edu/smithw/Smith,%20Besharov,%20Wessels%20and%20Chertok_Social%20Enterpreneurship%20AMLE_2012.pdfSteinkellner, P.F., and Czerny, E. J., 2010, Educating Managers for a Paradox World Duality and Paradoxes in Management. Retrieved fromhttp//www.iff.ac.at/oe/media/documents/Paper_38_Steinkellner_Czerny.pdf

Early Childhood Education Essay

AbstractThere has been a great p low-down of research conducted in the subject military issue of primordial tikeishness pedagogics. During the pre take aim historic period, the human brain is growing speedily and natively sensitive to b be-ass information. enquiryers wealthy person conducted studies in an effort to bear witness a correlation betwixt enrollment in early education and cognitive and br some otherly education. This paper will provide a brief everywhereview of the results from the following the principal deviate platform studies, the High/Scope Perry Preschool analyze, and the baby P atomic second 18nt reduce in Chicago. This paper will also discuss the repair of tyke tuition facilities on tyke knowledge. The immense amount of research provided by these studies trenchantly shows an increase in cognitive instruction in the preschoolers that were enrolled and frame that forbid amicable insidengss were cut down as a result of early educati on intervention. The research indicates that solely fryren exhibited signs of cognitive and social growth, but that underprivileged children were tingeed the most. baby bird- care facilities were not as productive furthering childhood festering. This paper will conclude by addressing the need of well-developed preschool programs and the need for well-educated teachers in the preschool environment.Keywords early childhood education, preschool, cognitive and social development archaeozoic puerility preparation Impact on Cognitive and cordial DevelopmentPreschool is a term that lay outs early childhood education for children ranging from ages two through intravenous feeding classs hoary. Preschool programs normally consist of federally funded programs, farming and local preschools, and child care facilities. Preschool enrollment has increased dramatically over the last few decades. Approximately 75% of four year olds and 50% of tercet year olds are enrolled in a preschoo l center, which is a statistically signifi bedt contrast from 10% in the 1960s (Barnett, 2008). Not only has there been an increase of children enrolled in in the public eye(predicate) preschools, but also in closed-door preschools (Barnett, 2008). This increase may be attributed to the need for childcare as the work force shifted from a ace income to dual income household or the desire to equip children with the necessary skills to help them in their educational life history (Barnett & Yarosz, 2007).winter and Kelley (2008) reported that many early childhood teachers effect that nearly one-third of their students were deficient in certain areas that were sure to hinder their educational success (p. 260). There have been many studies conducted to try and define the impact of preschool on a childs development. Researchers have studied headspring Start programs crossways the country, the High/Scope Perry Preschool, the Child Parent reduce in Chicago among others, and child ca re facilities. Early Childhood Education research has shown that preschool has an impact on a childs cognitive and social development, with the greatest impact on minority and dis expediencyd children.Developing BrainMost parents and educators know that a childs brain, from birth to approximately five years of age, is exceptionally vulnerable to the l crystalizeing of new skills and concepts. Winter and Kelley (2008) state that the neural connections or synapses develop at a phenomenal rate during this metre which aids in developing a establishation for later skill acquisition (p. 263). Due to the brains extreme susceptibility during the preschool years, not only do preschoolers develop cognitive skills they need, but also socio-emotional skills.Mai, Tardif, Doan, Liu, Gehring, and Luo (2011) conducted a topic of positive and negative feedback in preschoolers, which showed that preschoolers are more responsive to positive feedback than to negative feedback (p. 5). They concluded that the splendour of the amount of positive feedback was square enough that it may stimulate preschoolers desire to learn (Mai, et al, 2011). Researchers have found that during this early period of childhood development, children are able to boost gross motor skills and acquire wrangle (Winter & Kelley, 2008, p. 262).Due to the unique nature of the brain during preschool years, experiences or lack of endure impede child development (Winter & Kelley, 2008, p. 263). In a playing field conducted by Burger (2012), a toddlers on the job(p) memory cornerstone positively impact a childs behavior and has a positive influence over a childs math and reading ability (p. 210). A young childs brain, if stimulated inappropriately, ignore have an adverse impact on cognitive and social development. A childs cognitive development is connected to their social development. Willis and Schiller (2011) propose that positive early experiences promote optimum brain development, which impacts all a reas of development (para. 1).Impact of Government Preschool ProgramsIn 1965, the cutting edge Start program was created in an effort to provide an array of social, health, and educational services for young children and their families (Winter & Kelley, 2008, p. 261). This program is federally funded and targets underprivileged children. deprived children are more susceptible to fall behind or to not complete their education collectible to lack of early education intervention. There is documentation that shows that minorities and poor children struggle with words, literacy, social, and other skills needed (Child Trends & Center for Child Health Research, 2004 Early et al, 2007), than children who are not underprivileged (Winter & Kelley, 2008, p. 260).Burger (2009) reports that a deliberateity of children from low socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to experience grade repetition, to require additional educational assistance throughout their school career, or ultimately become high school dropouts (p. 142). Ludwig and Phillips (2007) reported the findings of an evaluation completed by Garces, Thomas, and Currie (2002) that compared siblings, all attendance or not attending the passport Start Program (p.4). They wrote that the sibling that attended full point Start were 22% more likely to graduate and 19% more likely to seek high education (p. 4).The National Impact Study (NIS) is one of the most in depth study on the read/write head Start program, and involves a random compilation of children enrolled in engineer Start throughout the country between the ages of trio and four years old (Pianta, Barnett, Burchinal, & Thornburg, 2009, p. 59). This study showed that there was minor cognitive and social growth over a nine month period. Barnett (2008) reported an increase of 0.20 standard deviations on cognitive development and a decrease of 0.05 standard deviations in negative social behavior, such as hyperactivity for three year olds (p. 6).How ever, upon completing a follow up on the study, the cognitive benefits gained by the children were no drawn-out observed at the end of their kindergarten school year (Pianta, Barnett, Burchinal, & Thornburg, 2009, p. 59). Parents reported positive changes in their childs dental and physical health and the research indicates an increase of 0.12 standard deviations (Barnett, 2008, p. 6). There was a case of four year olds that experienced greater cognitive development. This was illustrated by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, which had an increase of 0.20-0.27 standard deviations (Barnett, 2008, p.7).The Tulsa Head Start program was designed with a vision to help children develop skills for school readiness. This preschool program is funded by the state and is a part of the Tulsa Public School system therefore, teachers must possess a bachelor of Art degree and have a certification in early childhood education (Gormley, Phillips, & Gayer, 2008). The Tulsa Head Start program study compared the Tulsa Public School (TSP) pre-kindergarten against the Tulsa Head Start program. The study showed that the TSP pre-kindergarteners showed vast approach in letter-word identification, spelling, and applied problems, whereas the Tulsa Head Start preschoolers results were deemed notable (Gormley, Phillips, & Gayer, 2008).While Head Start programs are conjectural to adhere to a national standard (Pianta, et al, 2009), many do not have the same requirements (p. 55). Pianta and his colleagues (2009) inform that most teachers working for Head Start programs make less than $26,000 per year, with the exception of Tulsa Head Start whose teachers earn a regular teacher salary (p. 55). This may develop why the results of the Tulsa Head Start studies are not typical compared to other Head Start studies (Barnett, 2008, p. 7).Teacher qualifications of the Head Start employees may have an impact on the low levels of development observed of children in the program. Before 2011 Head Start teachers (excluding the Tulsa Head Start teachers) were not required to obtain an associate degree and directors did not have to possess a bachelor degree (Pianta, et al, 2009). However, Pianta and his colleagues (2009) report that by the year 2013, at to the lowest degree half of all Head Start teachers will be required to obtain a bachelors degree (p. 55).Because the Head Start studies were conducted in vary locations and on a variety of children, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact impact of cognitive and social development for each child. The rate of attendance also varies on location. Some Head Start programs have fewer than five days of scheduled class per week, while others attend the program five days a week during an entire school year (Pianta, et al, 2009, p. 54).Major successes of the Head Start programs appear to be achieving higher(prenominal)(prenominal) educational levels and improved health for children. The Head Start program reduced the mortality rate of children between the ages of five and nine years old (Barnett, 2008, p. 8) and provided a cognitive advantage in school achievement (Reynolds & Ou, 2011, p. 556). There were no extraordinary impacts on childrens social development throughout the Head Start studies. The program, however, has accredited conflicting reviews. Williams (2010) explains that because there is no orderly way to mensurate the effects of this program, there have been reports of positive short-term gains in cognitive functioning (p. 4) and the program has received criticism for only producing short term benefits (Williams, 2010, p. 4).Impact of Public PreschoolAnother option for children is a public preschool program. There are public preschools that function similar to the Head Start program, in which they target children from low income families. The teaching credentials of preschool teachers differ from other educators in the public school system and vary throughout different states. The requirements for public preschool teachers range from possessing a Child Development Associate (CDA) to a bachelors degree (Pianta, et al, 2009, p. 55). Public preschool programs tend to be successful in the area of cognitive and social development due to the increase of attention from the teacher (Barnett, 2008, p. 8). The topic of teacher shade in preschools is of a major concern and puke have a direct impact on childhood development. Winter and Kelley (2008) explain that the development of a childs social behavior correlates with the prize of the teacher (p. 263).The most significant research on public preschools stems from the High/Scope Perry Preschool study. In this study that lasted for two years, approximately one hundred thirty children, minority and underprivileged, were either enrolled in a half-day preschool or assigned to a control group (Barnett, 2008, p. 9). These participants were chosen by the following criteria low levels of parent education, socioeconomic status, and low inte llectual performance (Williams, 2010, p.4). The results were astounding. Barnett (2008) reported that language and basic cognitive skills increased by approximately 0.90 standard deviations (p. 9).The cognitive advantage was short-lived as children from the control group were caught up during kindergarten (Barnett, 2008, p. 9) however, Reynolds and Ou (2011) determined that there was an advantage on educational attainment (p.556). The Perry study also showed evidence of social development in later years. The students demonstrated appropriate classroom etiquette, had move levels of delinquency, and a higher rate of commencement (Barnett, 2008, p. 9). Burger (2009) explained that the Perry study is unique in nature due to the environment of the classroom (para. 5.2). He added that preschools similar to the Perry preschool have low child-to-staff ratios (Burger, 2009, para. 5.2), so teachers are able to be readily available to their students.Another influential study on preschool imp act is the Child Parent Center (CPC) study on a preschool in Chicago. This program was directed more for children from the ages of three to nine years old (Williams, 2010, p. 5). This preschool is tailored to low-income families that includes a half-day preschool, kindergarten, and a follow-on elementary school component (Barnett, 2008, p. 11). The results of all CPC studies were positive for impact on childrens cognitive development (Barnett, 2008, p. 12). The CPC study showed that participating preschoolers had higher test scores up until ordinal grade, a reduction of delinquency, and observed an increase in the percentage of high school graduates (Pianta, Barnett, Burchinal, & Thornburg, 2009,p. 62). Reynolds and Ou (2011) also evaluated the CPC study and found that former students tend to have less risk of experiencing depression and generally have higher occupational stature (p. 558).The National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) reports that the Abbott Preschool Program has had a rattling(a) effect on child development as measured in 2005 and 2006 with the Abbot Preschool Program longitudinal Study (APPLES) (Study of Abbott, 2007). The Abbott Preschool was opened in 1999 and was put in place to serve the highest-poverty school districts (Study of Abbott, 2007) in the state of New Jersey (Study of Abbott, 2007). This preschool program showed positive cognitive growth in their students through their kindergarten year. The students enrolled showed significant achievements in English, reading, and mathematics (Study of Abbott, 2007). This program not only measured student progress, but also took into account the quality of the classroom. The study found a significant increase in child learn, language and reasoning, activities and actions, and program social structure (Study of Abbott, 2007).Other studies of public preschools provided results depicting social development and school preparedness (Barnett, 2008, p. 10). Pickens (2009) explains that public preschool programs show a positive impact on childrens behavior outcomes, especially for children living in poverty (Barnett, 1995 Peterson & Zill, 1986). In the preschool setting, children are exposed to other children from different backgrounds, different personalities and different ethnicities. During this time in childhood development, children unhorse to learn social behavior. Pickens (2009) explains that these social behaviors are influenced by their teachers and classmates (p.263).Participation in the preschool setting allows children to learn how to interact with classmates and encounter situations that can mold their cognitive development (Willis & Schiller, 2011). Attending a preschool class helps to enable a child to learn to regulate their emotions, communicate legally with others, cooperate with others, and to follow directions (Pickens, 2009, p. 263). Children model what they see. Pickens (2009) urges educators and parents to assist children in developin g healthy behaviors in an effort to avoid a negative path of behavioral and pedantic issues (p.264).Impact of Child tutelage FacilitiesChild care facilities can consist of home-based child care or child development centers (with some centers offering half-day preschool programs). These facilities are normally center-based and care for infants from six weeks old to three year olds (Pickens, 2009, p. 262). Child care facilities were found to have the smallest initial effects on childrens learning and development (Barnett, 2008), while home-based daycare had no effect on building cognitive skills (p. 5). This is not to separate that all home-based daycares are not able to provide some cognitive benefit to children. If a home-based child care program is well-developed and provides a high-quality (Winter & Kelley, 2008), then children are more likely to benefit cognitively (p. 263). This high-quality can also make a difference in child care centers. The National Institute of Child Hea lth (NICHD) and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) showed that higher quality care(Belsky, Burchinal, McCartney, Vandell, Clarke-Stewart, & Tresch Owen, 2007) had a positive impact on childrens vocabulary skills (p.681).The NICHD SECCYD conducted future evaluations and found that some effects wore off at four and a half years old, while when evaluated in third grade the children had higher scores on standardized tests of math, memory, and vocabulary skills (Belsky, et al, 2007). The cognitive long-term benefits of attending child care may result in an increase in household income caused by working mothers however, working mothers tend to spend less time with their children (Barnett, 2008). Just like preschool, child care can benefit underprivileged children. Belsky et al (2007) stated that child care can serve as an effective intervention for low-income children (Hart & Risley, 1995) that live in a household lacking in literary skills (p.697). Barnett (2008) mentioned that some studies show an actual regression of social development as children were more prone to be aggressive (p.6). Winter and Kelley (2008) also report that the amount of time a child spends in child care has an impact of negative behaviors when they reach elementary school (p.263). Others believe that a childs negative behavior is may correlate with the amount of time spent in day care. Pianta and his colleagues (2009) found that children who spent the least amount of hours in day care had less troublesome behavior (p. 58).Just as the quality of the Head Start and preschool teacher had an impact on the child, so does the caregiver at a child care center. The lack of academic qualifications of child care workers or lack of academically challenging syllabus can attribute to the small cognitive development observed in children who attend child care versus a more academically centered program. Meyers (2007) reports that the approximately two and a half mill ion child care teachers are some of the lowest paid, only earning approximately $18,000 annually (para. 1). This is significantly lower than other early education teachers. The cognitive and social impacts on children are strongly related to child-to-teacher ratio, total number of children in a room, and the teachers qualifications (Clothier & Poppe, 2007). However, it has been noted that the amount of attention the caregiver offers to the child can have an impact on their social and cognitive development (Pianta, Barnett, Burchinal, & Thornburg, 2009, p. 58).ConclusionThere are perceptible short-term and long-term impacts on a childs development, cognitively and socially, with the aid of early childhood education programs. Because the brain is vulnerable at this age it is in these years that children experience dramatic improvements (Mai, et al, 2011) in their cognitive and social abilities. The government funded program, Head Start, has indicated that while children do show immed iate, moderate growth in cognitive development, social benefits were not as prominent. This program has proven to be beneficial to children from low- income families, as it has resulted in improved literacy, language skills and an increased rate of commencement. Preschool studies have also shown an increase in reading and mathematics ability and in some cases extending into elementary school years. The social benefits of a preschool education have had an flush longer impact on a childs future behavioral issues.There is a vast amount of research that shows that the early years of a childs development can influence future success (Winter & Kelley, 2008), so federal and state policy makers should not depart from preschool education models that have proven highly effective (Barnett, 2008). It is important that in order for preschool programs, government-funded and public, to continue to be effective in child development, the need for well-designed programs is a must (Barnett, 2008). Th ese well-designed programs must demand a high standard of measurement of teachers that have formal post-secondary education in the area of early childhood development. Preschools should be prepared pertain the needs of the variety of students from different backgrounds and be able to give children in need more of a priority (Barnett, 2008). More research on the impact of early childhood education is needed, due to the varying types of programs that are currently in place.ReferencesBarnett, W. S. (2008). Preschool education and its lasting effects Research and policyimplications. Boulder and Tempe Education and the Public Interest Center & EducationPolicy Research Unit. Retrieved folk 12, 2012 from http//epicpolicy.org/publication/preschooleducation Barnett, W. S., & Yarosz, D. J. (2007). Who goes to preschool and why does it matter? Preschool Policy Brief, 15, p. 2. Retrieved October 8, 2012 from http//nieer.org/resources/policybriefs/15.pdf Belsky, J., Vandell, D.L., Burchinal, M., Clarke-Stewart, K.A., McCartney, K., Owen, M.T., & the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2007). Are there long-term effects of early child care? Child Development, 78, p. 681701. Burger, K. (2010). How does early childhood care and education affect cognitive development? An international review of the effects of early interventions for children from different social backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 25, 140-165. doi 10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.11.001 Gormley, W. T., Phillips, D., & Gayer, T. (2008). The early years Preschool programs can boost school readiness. Science. 320(5884), p. 1723-1724. doi10.1126/science.1156019 Ludwig, J., & Phillips, D. (2007). The benefits and cost of head start. Society for Research on Child Development, Social Policy Report. 21(3), p. 3-19 Mai, X., Tardif, T., Doan, S. N., Lui,C., Gehring, W. J., & Luo, Y. (2011). Brain activity elicited by positive and negative feedback in preschool-aged children. PLoS ONE. 6(4), e18774. doi 10.13 71/journal.pone.0018774 Meyers, M. K. (2007). Child-care pay, child-care quality Decent early childhood education requires well-trained and compensated educators. The American luck 18(12), A18. Pianta, R. C., Barnett, S. W., Burchinal, M., Thornburg, K. R. (2009). The effects of preschool education What we know, how public policy is or is not aligned with the evidence base, and what we need to know. psychological Science in the Public Interest. 10(2), p. 49-88. doi 10.1177/1529100610381908 Pickens, J. (2009). Socio-emotional programme promotes positive behaviour in preschoolers. Child Care in Practice. 15(4), p. 261-278. doi 10.1080/13575270903149323 Reynolds, A. J., & Ou, S. (2011). Paths of effects from preschool to adult well-being A confirmatory analysis of the child-parent center program. Child Development. 82(2). p. 555-582. doi10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01562.x Study of abbott preschool program finds positive effects. (2007, August/September). Preschool Matters. Retrieved Sept ember 28, 2010 from http//nieer.org/publications/preschool-matters-newsletters/volume-5-number-4 Williams, J. (2010). Assessment of quality preschool programming (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved September 28, 2012 from ProQuest. (UMI3413253) Willis, C. A., & Schiller, P. (2011). Preschoolers social skills steer life success. YC Young Children, 66(1), 42-49. Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http//search.proquest.com/docview/874155104?accountid=12085 Winter, S. M., & Kelley, M. F. (2008). Forty years of school readiness research. Childhood Education, 84(5), 260-260. Retrieved September 12, 2012 from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/docview/210412708/fulltextPDF?accountid=12085